Mayan

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Maya Civilization

The Maya civilization originated in the Yucatan around 600 BC. TheMaya homeland, called Mesoamerica included five countries Mexico,

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Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador. The culture of the Mayawere based on teachings and ideas of earlier civilizations such as theOlmecs. The Maya developed astronomy, hieroglyphic writing and acalendrical system. With their form of hieroglyphic writing the Maya peoplewere able to record their history, rituals, and mythologies. Today there arefour authentic Maya works of literature around the world. These bookscontain topics such as agriculture, weather and disease. The Mayacalendar is said to be the second most accurate calendar ever produced.

The Maya settled near rivers. Rivers served as passageways forcanoes to travel from one city to another, rivers also provided water fordaily usage and access to trade routes. The Maya also settled in the rainforest. The mild climate and fertile valleys made it a popular place to settle.The Maya were skilled farmers, they would clear large sections of the rainforest and build huge reservoirs for the storage of rainwater. The Mayawere also skilled weavers and potters. They would trade pottery amongother things with other civilizations, again the rain forest served a greatpurpose as a trade route.

Today the Maya are mainly known for their architectural work. Theydeveloped many cities. These cities usually consisted of temples,pyramids, and other buildings. "The pyramids built with huge steps werefaced with cut stone blocks and generally had a steep stairway built intoone or more of their sides. The substructure of the pyramids were usuallymade of earth and rubble, but sometimes mortared blocks of stone wereused." The inside had small windows if any at all. The outside was paintedwith bright colors and decorated with carvings and sculptures. The Mayabelieved Earth was flat and four sided. They believed each corner had avalue , red for the east, white for north, black for west , and yellow for south.Maya believed heaven had 1 layers, each with it's own god. It is believedthat there were at least 166 gods.

The priest was an important figure in the Maya way of life hecontrolled all aspects of education and rituals. He was also in charge ofcalculating time, festivals, ceremonies, cures and diseases, and writing.The priest did not practice celibacy. " All Maya rituals were celebrated bythe 60- day sacred calendar and all performances had a symbolicmeaning. At this time self - multination was encouraged." The Mayabelieved in human sacrifices. They carried out these practices on prisoners,slaves, and orphaned children. Maya also believed in animal sacrifices including turkeys, dogs and quails. The sacrifices served as offerings totheir gods. Priests assisted in human sacrifices he was helped by four othermen known as chacs. These men would hold down the arms and legs ofthe victim while the chest was opened by another individual called anacom. A human sacrifice was offered at the time of a new king's arrival inoffice. To be a king , one must have taken a captive in a war and thatperson is then used as the victim in his accession ceremony. This ritual isthe most important of a king's life as it is the point at which he in inherits theposition as head of the city. "The religious explanation that upheld thisinstitution of kingship asserted that Maya rulers were necessary forcontinuance of the Universe". They Maya believed that when people diedthey entered the Underworld through a cave. Corpse were painted red andthen wrapped in straw mats. They believed when kings died they enteredthe Underworld , but later were reborn into the sky because they possessedsupernatural powers. Ordinary people were buried beneath the floors oftheir houses, their mouth will be filled with foods and jade bread and theywere buried with articles and objects they used when they were alive.Priests were buried with books. Great nobles were cremated.

The Maya family consisted of 1 languages spoken in southernMexico, Guatemala, and Belize. Chol was the main language it was laterjoined by the Yucatec Maya. K'iche is the largest spoken Maya languagewith 675,000 speakers. Today the Maya territory is divided among Mexicoand several Central American countries.

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