Will the Corporation Survive?

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The corporation was established approximately in the 1870's; since that time, until recently, five assumptions were the norm The Corporation was the master and the employee was the servant. The Corporation was the only means of livelihood for the employee. Lowering transactional costs was of paramount importance; everything in the production process was done under one roof. Customers had little information and the corporation was all-knowledgeable. The customer needed the corporation to make the best decision and brand-loyalty was of key importance. Technology was specific to its individual industry.Since 170, things have changed. The means of production is knowledge. The knowledgeable worker is the means to more capital and very valuable to the corporation. The knowledge worker is not seen as a servant or subordinate but as an equal partner and part of the value chain. Now, instead of employees being totally loyal to the company store, more and more employees work on a contract or consulting basis. Some knowledge employees will market their skills and knowledge to different organizations.Specialization produces consistency and better product quality. Therefore, transactional costs are being weighed against product reliability. Also, because of improved communication and the reduction in the cost of communication, knowledge can be dispersed readily and many major job elements can be accomplished through outsourcing.

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Again, with the wealth of information available on the internet, consumers are becoming more and more knowledgeable. They no longer need to be totally dependent on the wisdom and research of the corporation.Technologies are no longer remaining specific to a given industry. The example that Bell labs actually developed the transistor, which had little application for its own industry but launched Sony and the Japanese into consumer electronics is proof of shared technology.As discussed in the previous article, "The Future of the Company-A Matter of Choice", hiring and keeping the knowledgeable employee is key to the success of companies. Today, it cannot be done simply by making promises of monetary gain; some of these promises cannot be kept as evidenced by stock market losses. The knowledgeable employee wants respect and recognition for his knowledge and expertise in his talent area. He wants freedom and executive license to perform his job without being controlledTo accomplish the benefits of transactional cost while maintaining better part consistency, GM began outsourcing for parts etc. They even joined other automakers in a buying co-op to strengthen their buyer power for parts from suppliers. Toyota also uses outside suppliers for parts but not in a random way. Toyota maintains buyer power by choosing only two suppliers for any part forces them to have the lowest price and pushes them to have higher quality. Toyota has become so successful a low cost, high quality manufacturing that they have started marketing their own philosophy called the "Toyota Way".Part of the lack of confidence in the survival of corporations is the increasing headlines announcing the failures of top CEO's. This article suggests that it is not the individuals who are failing but the corporate structure itself.Some large corporations are dissecting themselves into separate business units within one company, establishing separate units for geographic specialization. Another approach is having not one single individual as the top of the corporate ladder, but a number of executives each working as the head of individual business groups. These key executives then report to one another to strategize together for the common good.Top management is becoming the corporation, recognizing that no employee is really dependent upon the company's existence. Rather, the company will utilize outsourcing for the gaining the most knowledgeable talent and will run in a lean, very flexible structure.The corporation established in 1870 no longer has the same attributes and assumptions. All of that is changing. The corporations that will survive will value their employees with respect and keep them with creativity and empowerment. Since consumers are more and more knowledgeable, the corporation has a higher responsibility for product quality and reliability. Products are becoming readily available and smaller companies can effectively put their merchandise before the consumers with less marketing by way of the internet. Incumbents should anticipate numerous entrants into the market and recognize their chances of survival will be enhanced by improved communication and market exposure. Therefore, companies must not only maintain good quality but must also keep their cost low to fend off the competition. Communication that is making information available to the consumers is also making the sharing of technologies a simple and inexpensive reality for corporations. Shared technology can minimize some of the expense of product research and development and those savings can help make the corporation more efficient.The corporation of the future may not require massive building to house numerous employees. It also will not be a huge multi-tiered organization. It will function with an awareness of many 1870's concepts but with an understanding of the dramatic impact of this information age. Consumers are well informed and knowledgeable employees will not be owned but utilized as valuable resources. Top executives will not see themselves as untouchable but dispensable unless they are involved and effective as team leaders. They will also strike the balance between economic, human, and social dimensions of the corporation.

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Business

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on business. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality business paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in business, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your business paper at affordable prices with ! Outsourcing is the contracting out of a company's in-house function to a preferred vendor with a high quality level in the particular task area. Outsourcing is one of the fastest growing trends in business. Large- scale organisations such as Telstra (especially for their Internet and Pay-TV divisions) have latched onto outsourcing due to the almost immediate opportunity of savings and quality improvement. Outsourcing can impact many elements of an organisation in a positive or negative manner. Areas such as structure, corporate culture, cost centres and labour have the most tendency to react to outsourcing developments.

Employees of organizations don't benefit from outsourcing as they are at a risk with becoming redundant. This occurs as another group outside the organization who have similar skills and competencies that can perform the same tasks replace existing workers. This treatment of employees can trigger a collapse in confidence and morale from all other employees throughout an organization as they view fellow employees leaving due to job replacements. Therefore in the future lasting employees will feel uncomfortable in an organization that is constantly outsourcing with fears of loosing their job. In order to prevent this morale downgrade management may choose to cross - train redundant employees so they can fit in another suitable position, where it may for expansion or increase labour productivity.

Another aspect that may be impacted by outsourcing is the hierarchical structure. If a certain department is run from outside such as Human Resources, i.e. recruitment is controlled by an outside body, this makes the ‘HRM' division to be removed from the organization and hence its formal structure. Advantages of clearing a structure can give senior management the prospect of re-using and expanding into locations that have been previously outsourced. The departmentalisation of the structure might have to be altered to correspond with the changes caused from outsourcing.

The reason why an organisation can reduce costs when going ahead with outsourcing is because it can call upon the outside body to perform a task on a ‘need basis'. This means an organization can call upon a contracted when the need be. Re-visiting the HRM division being outsourced, this division is working away all the time with unnecessary wages being paid. An organization does not need people in charge of obtaining recruitments all the time so by outsourcing recruitment, money can be saved. Another consideration is the redundancy of workers, if employees are dismissed, here wages can be saved. If the organization locates a contractor that is cheaper than redundant workers then the net money situation is favourable for the organization. Often contractors and specialised in their particular task, so the factor of improved quality and reliability are driving forces when considering outsourcing.

Outsourcing does not eliminate decision-making and the need for managers to control. Rather, managers must continuously monitor and evaluate the outsourced functions to ensure that partners are as a whole beneficial to the organisation.

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Karim Rashid Research Page

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That Eye, the Sky

In the novel That Eye the Sky, Ort Flack appears to explore some of the questions that all young people are faced with, but he often seems unconscious of this exploration, and it would be more accurate to say that Ort is used to explore these questions. Certainly he never takes the time to sit down and think about his own sense of self. It is just as true that from his life experiences he can draw incredible flashes of insight. As a narrator Ort doesn't often ‘negotiate' as such the relationships he has with those around him, he simply makes statements about what happens, and then continues with logical statements. His sexuality he obviously thinks a lot about, but in the text he there is very little direct exploration of the subject. Of course faith is something that hovers over the entire novel and Ort draws a few conclusions about it, but he rarely contemplates it directly.

Through his actions and the things he says is the best way to judge Ort's sense of self and his opinion of himself. He is utterly selfless in almost everything he does, and always feels very deeply the pain of others. But there are times when his actions reveal that he does sometimes evaluate his situation, and these actions reflect negatively upon the outcomes. When he attempts to escape into another world like the children in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, we very clearly see the need for an escape; that his life is closing in on him. Apart from that he is worried or unhappy about the situation with his father and Henry Warburton, he obviously is conscious about what he is perceived as by the older characters. ‘I love staying for a second cup, makes you feel so grown up' he says, which is obviously important to him. Although he fears going to high school and growing up, he often resents ‘small thing' and ‘you wouldn't understand,' something that many children face as they feel that they are growing up, and nobody else seems to think so. But once again the matter is not directly contemplated on by Ort to us by direct text, but revealed to us by his actions.

In the book much is revealed, though in pieces, about Ort's relationships with those around him. With Henry Warburton, his mother and most interestingly Tegwyn. This is an address towards problems of pre-pubescent relationship problems that must be faced by most pre-teens. Ort's relationship with Henry Warburton raises questions in him about most obviously faith, but also of the paternal nature of the relationship. Through this Ort comes to questions the quality of his parenting. Through his growing up and through the events of the novel Ort begins to view his mother differently. As most children do he views his mother with respect and the assumption that she can do anything. As she shows Ort her tender weakness for Sam this slowly vanishes, and like all growing up children he must realize that his mother is human. None of Orts relationships however raise as many questions in him as his and Tegwyn's. Tegwyn seems to change a lot in the novel, likely of course due to mood, and Ort has trouble figuring her out. ‘She can still be funny, Tegwyn…. she must be the saddest angriest person in the whole world.' Ort comes up with both of these statements within a few lines when he and Tegwyn are walking to the shops and her and Tegwyn muck about. Ort already questions external happiness, and external depression and sees that anyone can be happy or depressed given the situation. Again, there is no direct discussion of his exploration of the topic, only what he directly tells us, and then lets us on an insightful ‘it proves anyone can be funny, because she must be the saddest angriest person in the whole world.'

Sexuality is an obvious topic of exploration for a young male coming into his teens, and Ort again almost never has a paragraph of discussing it, but gives us snippets of his thoughts. In the bath with Sam he ‘would look at his old fella and wonder about it.' He doesn't give us much on his thoughts about it, and the only real opinion he shows about his penis and sexuality is when he in the bush naked and ‘(his) old fella with its nine black hairs, sticking up just like that old man's under the bridge….. Makes you sick.' The only other opinion we have is his revolt at Henry Warburton under the bridge with his own erection. This topic especially Ort, although we get a bit of insight into his opinions and the fact that he does think about them, does not truly directly contemplate.

Of course the biggest topic explored by Ort in That Eye the Ski is one of faith. He raises questions such as the obvious, ‘is there a God?', ‘why does he let bad things happen to bad people?' and so on, though he himself never doubts the presence of an omniscient being. But he also raises questions about the nature of faith. Does faith truly need a name? Does God need to be called so? Do we need to drink sherry and say grace before every meal to be good believers? As usual Ort does not raise these questions directly, but quietly almost pokes fun at the Christian rites, and when shown an extreme example of Christian faith, they cannot contain themselves, and Alice and Ort must leave the bible group. One of the most important themes in the book, the exploration of faith by Ort shows a very simple reasoning of belief, and hence at a very basic level shows us how perhaps we believe.

It is the way that Ort raises these questions that makes the questions themselves more deeply looked into by readers. Winton uses Ort to open up thoughts about the nature of these discussions, and in the way that Ort explores them helps those readers to explore their own questions. Certainly Ort explores these big questions, but more importantly helps the readers to do so for themselves.

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THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE POLICINGIS THE RELATIONSHIP COMPETITIVE OR COMPLEMENTARY? WHICH SIGNALS A REBIRTH OF PRIVATE POLICING

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE POLICINGIS THE RELATIONSHIP COMPETITIVE OR COMPLEMENTARY? WHICH SIGNALS A REBIRTH OF PRIVATE POLICING. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE POLICINGIS THE RELATIONSHIP COMPETITIVE OR COMPLEMENTARY? WHICH SIGNALS A REBIRTH OF PRIVATE POLICING paper right on time.

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EMMANUEL SHILLINGFORDTHE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF BOTH PRIVATE AND PUBLIC POLICING. IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTORS BEST UNDERSTOOD AS A COMPETITIVE OR COMPLEMENTRY ONE?

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Introduction.From early times as soon as man claimed property, others sought to steal it; hence came the need to protect it. To achieve this a number of mechanisms and physical devices were created, and ultimately people employed to police the property.. Johnston notes that the word police is derived from the Greek polis which means ˜the rights of a citizen™. However it can also be defined as an organized force in a state that maintains law and order. Increasingly, business and property owners are turning to the private security sector to protect their interests. The primary reason for this trend appears to be that the level of criminal activity in the UK is overwhelming the capacity of the pubic police forces to cope with the problem. Private security is not a new phenomenon it existed long before the beginning of the modern police. It is therefore my aim to look at the historical development of both private and public policing and the relationship between the public sector and the private sector. Although the modern period of policing in England began in 18 with the creation of the ˜new police™ from the implementation of the Metropolitan Police Act 18.The origin of British policing can trace its lineage back to the tribal laws and customs of the Danish and Anglo-Saxon invaders (Critchley, 178). The system of policing had been organised in a variety of ways, some of which were private in the way we would generally use the phrase now, and some of which were quintessentially public, such as the institution of frankpiedge. As Critchley put it, arising from Saxon times frankpledge relied on the principle that all members of a community accepted an obligation for the good behaviour of each other. The State provided co-ordination and oversight of this structure of private and community policing arrangements, with individuals and collectivities being penalised on those occasions when order was not maintained. As Shearing has argued, within this system rule took place at a distance with the Crown doing the steering and the rowing left to communities. The system of policing during that time can, very broadly, be defined as private, non-professional and unspecialised. Although there were some forces financed by local government, the system is best characterised as a mixed one, in which the community, voluntary, private and public services co-existed, with little evidence of efficiency (Gill and Mawby 10a). As concerns over the level of crime began grow, Henry Fielding formed a group of uniformed thief-takers to respond to concerns about rising crime in the capital, this was one of the key developments in the eighteenth century. However, the eighteenth century showed little in the way of development in the criminal justice system. The parish constable and ˜watch™ systems failed completely and the impotence of the law-enforcement machinery was a serious menace, this paved the way for the implementation of the ˜ New Police™. The modern period in British policing began in 18 with the creation of the New Police as a result of the Metropolitan Police Act 18, which was steered through parliament by Sir Robert Peel. Although the Metropolitan Police was established in 18, and similar forces in other urban and rural areas between 185 and 1888, there was considerable local variation. Police volunteers and private forces continued to exist. The forces were not specialist and officers earned extra money by acting as ˜knockers-ups™, and local authorities, eager to get value for money, deployed its new police in a variety of administrative tasks. The ˜new police™ gradually expanded and became the predominant policing body with the responsibilities for public safety and prevention of crime. However the ˜hybrid™ and ˜private™ aspects of policing system did not die out but simply became overshadowed. From the mid-nineteenth century, then, a professional state police force not only existed but was accorded a degree of legitimacy that would have been unimaginable a century earlier. The nineteenth century also witnessed the rise of specific police forces in dedicated sectors of industry. These were quasi-public, in the sense that their role and functions were prescribed by legislation through a number of Acts.As England became more industrialised it transformed society from a rural farming society into urban industrial society regulated by the state. During this era social control problems were exacerbated by major shifts of population from the country into the town, this saw acute poverty and unemployment problems. This caused an upsurge in criminal activity and also an expanded public force to curb the crime situation. The continued growth of the economic surplus in communities has supported large increases in both size and wealth of the elite classes. Much of this new wealth was used to privatise what were formerly public spaces with the construction of stadiums, shopping malls, condominium, arenas and theme parks. These wealthy elites employed their own methods of securing their own property and ensuring their personal safety. The rise in crime in the post-war period has been the fundamental driving force behind the emergence of the modern commercial private security industry. According to South, he saw the industry as comprising those firms providing products and services in guarding, alarms, and mechanical and electronic security equipment. Through the years private security industry has grown drastically, however, it is very difficult to find reliable evidence about the size of the industry, and the respective importance of the various sectors within it.This uncertainty about the magnitude of the industry stems from a number of causes the rapidly changing nature of the industry, with high levels of mobility of firms in and out of the market; the relative importance of small and medium sized firms which are difficult to locate; and the naturally less visible nature of some of the activities undertaken.The growth of private policing in the UK and the problems associated with this growth has been well researched by Jones and Newburn (18) who outline the distinction between public and private policing. Public policing being publicly funded, is in the main staffed by public officials and do not depend for their survival on selling their services for profit. Private security companies are those, which are not funded by the State, whose employees are not public officials and who are financially dependent for their survival on the sale of their services in the marketplace. Moreover, Jones and Newburn (18) explain the growth of the private security industry in terms of their Structural Change theory and reject the notion of it being related to a restriction on public expendiditure or the deliberate contracting-out of functions to the private sector, but to the growth of large corporately owned property such as shopping centres, retail parks, large education centres and indeed large scale privately owned residential complexes. The point is made that people are more likely to live, work or spend their leisure time in places protected by private security rather than the public police. Albanese (186) is in agreement with this view attributing the growth of the industry to factors including shifts in the ownership of private property and the inability of the law enforcement agencies to perform their task of crime prevention and criminal apprehension in a cost effective and economical manner. The security industry in England along with it™s overseas counterparts, appears to have enjoyed a period of intensive growth. The ratio of private security employees to public police in Canada is currently reported 1 and there are estimates that this could grow to 1 by the end of the century.While many private security companies no doubt strive for professionalism and quality of service, the fact remains that often the attraction of private security is its low cost to the client. The private security sector is a competitive industry, the lowest bid frequently wins the security contract, as previously stated, the private security sector™s survival is dependent financially on the sale of their services in the marketplace. An important recent development in Britain has been the awarding of contracts to private companies to run prisons, the first instance being the Wolds Remand Centre on Humberside, this was later followed by Blakenhurst and Doncaster prisons. In June 14, Securicor won the contract to undertake escort work in the Metropolitan Police District. By the end of 15, private companies were carrying out prisoner escort work in over half the country. A number of estimates of total annual turnover of the private security industry have been made over the years. Comparisons over time are confused by the effects of inflation, but a brief review of previous estimates is worthwhile. Randall and Hamilton estimated that the estimates is worthwhile. Randall and Hamilton estimated that the industry had an annual turnover of £55 million (Randall and Hamilton 17). A 17 Home Office Green Paper suggested an annual turnover in 176 of £15 million (Shearing and Stenning 181 p. 07). During the 180s, the marketing consultancy Jordan and Sons published a series of industry surveys, and these suggested total annual sales during the early 180s in excess of £400 million. The 18 report suggested that the market size had increased from £476.4 million in 18 to £807.6 million in 187, with the main part of this increase occurring after 185. The most recent survey suggested that by 10 the total sales in the industry had grown to £1,5.6 million (Jordan and Sons Ltd. 1). The restricted definition of the private security industry used by Jordan and Sons, and the reliance on figures from public and private limited liability firms only, suggests that this is an underestimate. This competitiveness in the private security sector is not only evident in the United Kingdom but with the overseas counterparts as well. For example, according to the Australian Bureau of Statistics, at the end of June 1, there were 1,714 businesses in the security services industry, which employed 1,75 people. The total income of the industry in 18- was almost $1.4 billion, with an operating profit margin of 6.5%.

(http//www.tpass.com.au/journals/journals_00/May/Jnl_00_May_P1-.pdf)Although private policing can be considered as complementary to public policing, in the sense that it fills the void in the areas where the public police can™t provide adequate security, for example shopping mall, arena, etc. However, the private security sector is not considered by many to be complementary. The public policing mandate has traditionally involved four major functions law enforcement, social referral, order maintenance and crime prevention. The problem with considering the use of the security industry for carrying out part or all of these functions is simply that private security and public policing have conflicting mandates, private security having a mandate that only involves the protection of private assets. The Sussex experiment, as it became known, began when because of financial and accountability reasons, the Borough of Sussex in New Jersey elected to abolish the police force and based on the need to provide a constant uniformed presence within the Borough they hired a private security firm Although the intended mandate of the private security was to supplement other State law enforcement agencies it soon changed as the private security officers began acting as a fully independent municipal police Department. Problems arose when reports of people being stopped, residents being detained and arrested were made public. Reports soon surfaced that security officers were severely mishandling situations and some of them even had minor criminal records themselves resulting in the experiment being stopped.OLeary (14) provides a personal legal perspective on where he disagreed with the action taken by the Sussex Borough. His hesitance to accept the privatisation of municipal police services, came not from the concept itself, but rather from the lack of safeguards provided in terms of accountability and qualifications. O™Leary believed the only way privatisation of police services could work is for private security companies to meet the same screening and training criteria as public police departments. Oliver and Wilson (188), two of the most respected security consultants in the UK, state that security employees should not be considered professional until they are properly trained. According to these authors the current training arrangements in the UK are minimal, with a majority of companies doing little in terms of training. This view has been reinforced by Post and Kingsbury (181) who remarked that training levels in the private security industry are extremely varied, with some firms providing no training. ConclusionThe development of the private security sector over the decade signals the rebirth of private policing. An overview in terms of international literature suggests that the private security industry is growing and will continue to grow substantially and will continue to be competitive in the next decade. The implications of this trend for society in general and the public police in particular are not yet known but it will have a profound effect.While no one doubts that the private security industry should have a role in society the general difficulty is that it is not publicly accountable and therefore not subject to the same kind of public scrutiny as the public police. Moreover, there is a suggestion that the industry has a grave image problem, is not adequately trained and generally lacks professionalism.

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Description Paper Sony Headphones

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Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Description Paper Sony Headphones, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Description Paper Sony Headphones paper at affordable prices with Live Paper Help! The item is the Studio Monitor Series DJ Headphones MDRV700DJ. They are clean and clear for high fidelity remixing and sound. The headphones are nicely constructed and would take abuse well. The V700s come with a nice long coiled cord so that they don't drag around. The hinges are made of aluminum and rotate in all directions.

The swivel ear cups allow a person to be able to listen to the music in one ear and be able to listen to what is coming out of the speakers through the receiver. The swivel cups also have an auto return swivel mechanism that bring back the ear cups back to their original position. The headphones are very light, at around 10.6 ounces which makes for easy carrying and are about 6 inches in height and length. The adjustable headphones are comfortable for endless hours of listening. The headphones make it easy for one to listen in comfort and are also marked and colored L and R on the sides of the ear piece. The swivel ear cups are easy to fold for storage in a carrying bag or briefcase.

The V700s are silver with the top being black, with the writing of Sony in silver on the headband. For those worried about the looks of the headphones, this is an appealing color and have that professional look to them. One cord is connected from the left ear piece that goes to the gold plug. The cord is approximately 10 ft long and the plug is a 1/4 inch gold-plated and easily screws off to allow for the 1/8 inch mini plug to be used. The gold-plated make for less noise interference and corrosion.

The headphone works by allowing DJs to plug in the headphones and listen to music at a higher quality and sharpness. The headphone rest allows for the plug to act like a hanger when not in use. The V700s allow up to 000mW so theyre designed not to be blown out by other people. One can find themselves blocking the outside noise. With little noise escaping either. The bass these headphones produce is rather strong in ones ears. If one was interested in taking them out in public they can be too big and bulky possibly. The principle parts of the item are as follows the gold-plated plug and mini plug, reversible swivel ear cups, adjustable headband, wide-molded headband, and headphone rest.

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This description would be for a particular audience interested in DJ equipment. The versatility of these headphones allow for flexibility in such that they are definitely designed for the DJ that wants to get the most for the money. At around $100 to $150 these headphones are comfortable and compact. The V700s look very professional and clean. The swivel ear pieces allow a DJ to really maneuver when DJing and the long cord allows for take part. The gold cord allows for less noise interference so that when one is listening they wont hear much interference. The V700s definitely a great buy for the money and will last a long time.

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Legal Issues of Death Penalty

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Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Legal Issues of Death Penalty, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Legal Issues of Death Penalty paper at affordable prices with cheap custom writing service! Legal Process of Death PenaltyTo be eligible for a death sentence, a defendant must be convicted of first-degree murder and meet at least one of the twenty aggravating factors. Each state started out with having seven, but since then the legislature has added 1 more. If a judge or jury finds the defendant eligible for death, then a sentencing authority must weigh aggravating factors against any number of so-called "mitigating" factors, such as when a defendant has clear history of criminal activity. If there are no sufficient mitigating factors, then the court must sentence the defendant to death. This happens to comply with the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Furman v. Georgia and that decision's progeny. The 17 decision in Furman held that capital punishment, as it was administered in Georgia and Texas, constituted cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth amendments because it could be arbitrarily applied. That decision effectively was not valid with the death penalty. Other decisions have held that a state's sentencing scheme must narrow the class of people eligible for the death penalty. The statutes also must give judges and juries clear guidelines for determining an appropriate sentence (Chambers). A list of some of the aggravating factors include killing a police officer or firefighter while they were on duty, murder of a department of corrections victim, first degree murder, murder of an individual while hijacking a plane, train, ship or bus, killing someone under the age of twelve or over the age of sixty, murder of a physically or mentally disabled person, an intentional murder involving torture, and murder of a victim that had an order of protection against the defendant. These are just a few of the twenty factors included to possibly make the defendant eligible for the death penalty (ACLU.org). The process by which a defendant is found guilty to have the death penalty on them is very long and has many processes. The first process is aggravation. This is where the jury may find that the defendant's statements are false. It is also when the defendant remains silent and does not show any remorse for what he/she is convicted of, and also that the defendant violates the due process law. The next process is the appeal. This is where years of delay violate amendments from the defendant. Also the weighing out of whether life without parole is even a possibility compared to the death penalty. A factor also determined here is having to make sure the supreme court doesn't violate any of the defendants rights, because no matter how people feel toward the defendant (anger, hurt, fear) they have to be given the same rights as written in the constitution. You next get into the constitutionality of the death penalty. This is where the weighing out all the possibility if anything may violate the constitution i.e. judgement based on race. This is also where the decision is made about if evidence of mitigation is under-weighed or possibly over-weighed, and where a decision can not be fully made to persuade either the defendant or the prosecuting side (Defender).

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The next process is counsel. This includes ineffective assistance and right to self-representation. Ineffective assistance could include the counsel's failure to present witnesses, proper evidence, and no investigative history. Self-representation is allowed by the 8th amendment and a defendant may do this is he/she feels they are competent to waive counsel and feel they can do a better job themselves. After counsel, the fifth part of the process, double jeopardy comes into play. This is only where if the defendant has multiple murder convictions, and it is a decision to impose the death penalty on one case and it has nothing to do with the defendant's other cases. Next process is eligibility. Most states have a non-weighing statutory scheme for determination of the penalty. Counsel needs more than one aggravating circumstance to determine the penalty, and they can not be prejudicial, and evidence must be proved beyond reasonable doubt. Counsel then turns to experts. Experts determine if a psychiatrist is needed to examine mitigating psychiatric conditions by not including persuasive evidence. After experts determine the conditions, the judge then sentences a memo concerning his/her reaction. His reaction may not include bribes to "fix" criminal cases, but it can include rejection to mitigation (Governor.)Then the jury gets their say in the matter. Their process is by deliberations, instructions, selections, and unanimous voting. Deliberations include statements concerning the duration of life in prison, and any single error that could possibly block the death penalty. Instructions are evidence to the jury from surveys and the discussion of possibly of life without parole. Selection is the removal of a juror who says he "may not" vote for the death penalty, or the refusal to dismiss a pro-death penalty juror. Unanimous refers to the process of voting to include the death penalty on the defendant. There must be a unanimous vote from the jury to impose the death penalty. The last two processes in determining if the death penalty will be passed are mitigation and prosecution. Mitigation is the process of determining if the evidence is any violation to impose the death penalty. Prosecution is the sentencing argument and cross-examination. It is just the argument that the jury should or should not recommend the death penalty and the evidence that they have, and any last feelings the prosecution may have towards not imposing the death penalty. The decision is the made by the judge

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Downsizing

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Corporate Downsizing Corporate Downsizing Organizations in every segment of business, industry, government, and education are downsizing. Downsizing is and has been a controversial phenomenon in the last few years. The controversy that surrounds downsizing may be better described as a debate in organizational theory about whether change is adaptive or disruptive. The issues which establish the outcome of the controversy include why the downsizing is taking affect, how it is implemented, and what steps are taken to enhance its effects on organizational performance. The reasons for corporate downsizing are presented in many forms. Some companies downsize due to technological changes such as automation, which brings about the need for a reduction in the production workforce. Others may feel that competitiveness with other companies warrants the need for a reduction in the workforce. Financial setbacks due to customer demand, market shares, and loss of revenue could also initiate the need for downsizing. When will it end? Experts say it won't. For instance, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was established as a universal trade agreement between the US, Cannada, and Mexico to allow free imports and exports. It was also established with the intent to help poor countries, like Mexico, export their products for economic reasons. In my opinion, it has strongly contributed to America's massive downsizing phenomenon. Companies that have experienced financial setbacks and losses seem to relish the idea that they can downsize the workforce here in the states, move operations into places like Mexico, hire cheap labor, and export their product back to the states, while making bigger profits. The sad part about this is that it is true, and NAFTA is largely responsible for this type of downsizing. Is this ethical? That remains to be seen. The truth is that unless an organization was designed expressly for the purpose, it is not in business to provide employment. Jobs are the by-product of successful organizational endeavors, not their intended output. If the decision to downsize is a response to competitive pressures, it will appear impatient or premature to those who must leave. If it is perceived as anything less than a well developed strategic response to demands on the organization, then it fails to show employees need for the criteria. Downsizing can sometimes seem to be about creating victims and displacing blame rather than accepting responsibility and choosing moral and ethical ways to implement the outcome. Management wants a quick cut that protects he company's assets, yet it wants to be gentle and compassionate to those who are let go. These two objectives are self-canceling, and to accomplish the first requires considerable compromise on the second. Many companies wait until the day of the lay-off to inform its employees. They are concerned about sabotage and productivity. They seem to think that if they retain the bad news until the last moment that the employees will leave and the rest will get back to business. However, this method of a lay-off is the least favorable for the employees. If the company gives the employees notice of the cutback in the workforce, they will have time to plan for the financial problems, look for other work, and make other necessary arrangements to prepare them for the loss. It would be in the best interest of the company to give this notice to its workers. Being a survivor of downsizing can have its own ethical issues. Those who are left after the downsizing has occurred, may share perceptions about the ethics of the decisions leading up to the dismissal of those who left. They may experience feelings such as anger, guilt, fear, and even depression. These feelings could be brought on by having to take up the slack and doing more work. They could also be asked to learn new tasks and for the same or maybe even less money than before the downsizing. Asking people to do more for less money can seem unfair. In my opinion, companies and organizations sometimes put too much pressure on surviving employees. This can cause the decision-makers to seem insensitive to the reality that employees are people with full lives and responsibility outside the workplace. Call it outsourcing with a heart. DuPont on December 11, tentatively agreed to outsource its computer and telecommunications operations, but it will do so without cutting jobs. Instead, some 3,100 DuPont staffers will be given the chance to switch employers with 2,600 spots slated for Computer Sciences Corp. and 500 for Andersen Consulting. An additional 1,100 information technology staffers are expected to stay with DuPont. The outsourcing pact is one of the biggest ever. It will be worth more than $4 billion over 10 years, with CSC taking the lion's share. CSC will handle DuPont's global mainframe, mid-range, and PC hardware needs, and worldwide telecom network, while Andersen takes care of software applications. The parties have signed a letter of intent and are now hammering out the final terms. The flip-side to downsizing could be a more positive result or experience. When companies have their employees economic survival at heart when planning their downsizing tactics, an adaptive approach as well as a positive outcome can be expected. Most managers seem to understand the hard side of downsizing such as the cost of inventory, shipping, severance packages, and plant capacities. I'm sure DuPont considered all of these issues. However, they took the issues one step further and considered the softer issues such as morale, loyalty, and the role of the corporate environment on employee motivation and productivity. These issues should be addressed to keep a downsized company alive and well. As history would have it, more companies suffer from downsizing rather than prosper. Why is this the case? Most companies or organizations fail to focus on the entire picture. For instance, they see the need for cutbacks in money and finance, yet they often pay more attention to the people they let go than the ones they keep. They may provide the laid-off workers with outplacement counseling, resume writing assistance, and other sources for potential job leads. Some companies even extend their health benefits, offer early retirement incentives, and often give severance packages. But, where's the generosity for those who remain to do the work? The blow of staying with a company that has downsized needs to be softened too. Employees often feel threatened that their own jobs may be in jeopardy, they may have a growing mistrust of the company, and they have little understanding of what management is doing or what their role will be in the company's future. Managers must pay attention to the survivors too. I suppose that honest and sensitive communication is the most prominent challenge in every downsizing. Executives and managers are trained to think they should have all the answers before they talk to employees. In my own experience with my own company, ITT Automotive, this was the case. For many months we heard rumors about the sale of the new Henderson plant, the sale of the Morganton plant, and the closure of the Asheville plant. Monthly employee meetings were postponed, and employees went fishing for answers, the wrong ones I might add. Rumors flourished and expanded as they passed from employee to employee and from plant to plant. ITT should have given us the information as soon as they received it. (E.g. jobs will be lost but we haven't finalized which ones yet.) They should have held the regularly monthly meetings and promised to get back to us with answers to questions that they didn't have answers too. They created a great mistrust among the workforce by withholding information. They made us feel as though we were a bunch of children and that we couldn't handle the truth. Extensive follow-up meetings could have also been essential in relieving fears and anxieties. It is imperative that companies maintain trust, keep the lines of communication open, and develop a strategic plan for its employees to follow after the initial downsizing. Taking these steps will enable the company and the workforce to prepare for the challenge of working with fewer resources and begin meeting the new challenges they may face in their new structured environment. At this point the Human Resource department should be highly involved in the decision-making process. After all, they are largely responsible for the high wages and often times over-hiring of the workforce. They are the department to implement, not to create in a lay-off situation. They also direct the employee as far as labor laws, fair compensation, employee information and act as a go-between for management. Their mission is to protect the interests of the employee, while carrying out the needs of management. It is a proven fact that 80% of companies that downsize suffer from low morale among the workforce, which in turn creates lower productivity and often lower profits. Organizations must make strategic plans to carryout downsizing in order to have its effect be a positive one. It must weigh out all of its options before planning such a desperate move. Will the downsizing be profitable to the company? Will employee morale be lowered by the cutback? Have all other options been exhausted before the lay-off was decided upon? What strategic plan has been developed to ensure that the survivors feel confident in their employment and that they understand what their new focus should be. Alternative strategies should be exhausted before the final decision to downsize. Ways to reduce the payroll without having to have a lay-off is in the company's best interest. Long before the need to downsize, an organization should consider a hiring freeze as an option. This option consists not only of the new hire option, but also means that those employees who quit, get terminated, or retire will not be replaced in the workforce. If these positions are needed to support the business before a reduction in workforce, a temporary position may be a good idea at this point. This will eliminate a lay-off in this position later and save the company money since benefits will not be necessary for the temporary employee. This method is not obstructive to organizational morale and commitment. Another technique to defer downsizing is a reduction in hours of operation. Hewlett Packard participated in what it Called a "fortnight work schedule." That is, every two weeks(a fortnight) employees do not work for one day. When it was used during a slow sales period in August1985, wages were cut 10%. To help employees ease the crunch, they were allowed to use vacation so there was no immediate loss in pay. In Europe, the giant auto-maker Volkswagon, has been climbing back to profitability after having put 100,000 of its workers on a four-day week. The company estimated that it has avoided laying off as many as 30,000 employees by using the reduced workweek. A third way to eliminate downsizing could be to reduce the pay for all employees. However, this method is known to cause low morale and sometimes employees reduce their production output to match the reduction in pay. One way to avoid this productivity reduction is to make the pay-cut temporary. A voluntary severance package can sometimes trigger a reduction in the workforce. This means of downsizing may be all that some employees need to start their own business, go back to school, or find another job. Oftentimes this method will enhance the workforce and get rid of disgruntled employees. One of the easiest and least harmless methods to the employee is early retirement. Consider what would have happened to a 50 year old, $50,000-a-year employee with 25 years of service at DuPont when it offered early retirement in 1992. Normally, if this employee retired early he or she would receive only $7,512 a year. But since DuPont waived the actual reduction for those who leave early, the pension jumped to $18,756 a year. As you can see, this option would be an excellent incentive to the semi-retirement age employee. No one gets hurt, no disruptive feelings or negative responses are felt, in fact, the early retiree is quite happy and will display positive attitudes. As we look at the reasons for downsizing, it is easy to justify the needs from an organizational and business point of view. When considering the needs of employees and the affects of downsizing on them, the picture looks very different. While a company has to do what is necessary to stay alive in the competitive world of business, it also has a moral obligation to its employees and the community. Whether or not it chooses to consider the needs of its employees and the community during a downsizing phase will greatly affect the outcome of the process and alter the benefits of the lay-off. While the company's profits are its main concern, it must be careful of the way it implements the downsizing in order for the outcome to be adaptive and positive. If the profitability is the only criteria for downsizing and the company has disgruntled and non-focused employees, the outcome of the downsizing will apparently be disruptive, causing low morale in the workforce, which breeds lower productivity. If the employees can see the efforts of the company to exhaust all other possibilities before the lay-off and consider the needs and feelings of the employee and the affects on the community, they may be able to look upon the company with trust and security. A developed plan or focus for their future may allow survivors of the downsizing to adapt to the change in a more positive manner. Involvement by the Human Resource department should ease the pain of those affected by the lay-off. Counseling, job placement programs, and benefit options are all concerns for the laid-off employee. It is the responsibility of the HR department to ease the pain and keep the lines of communication open between the employee and management. Management is responsible for the decisions, but the HR department should insure that the management follows all moral and legal obligations to the employee. In order for this new change in American business to be adaptive, complete and thorough plans should be carried out in the process of downsizing in order for the company and employee alike to accept new ideas and focus on the new direction brought about by the change. Survivors of the downsize process must have confidence in the company's honesty and its ability to secure their jobs. They must outline a strategic plan to keep morale and productivity on an upward trend. Bibliography Big payoffs from layoffs. "Business Week," G.Koretz p.30 Feb. 24 1997. Downs, Alan; Corporate Executions. AMACON, 135 West ST. New York, N.Y. 1995 Downsizing is Bad for Business. "USA Today,"J.Challenger Vol. 125, p66-68. Jan.1997 Learn From My Mistakes. "Money," Apr. 1995, p.15 Meyer, C.J.; Executive Blues, Down and Out In Corporate America. Franklin Square Press, 666 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 1995 Negbenebor, Willis; Principles of Economics. CT Publishing Company, Redding Calif. 1996. North American Free Trade Agreement. Vol.1, US Government Printing Office, 192-330-817/70635, 1995. Online News Flash. "Business Week;" Dec. 11,1996 Seeking A Payoff. J Freedman, "Business Week" p. 100 Jan. 8, 1990. The Casualties of Downsizing, B.B. Auster. "US News And World Report." Vol.118,p.31, Jan. 9,1995. The Ethics of Downsizing. "Navron Associates Newsletter" Apr.'95. Who Says Job Anxiety Is Easing? A. Bernstein, "Busniss Week" p.38, Apr.7,1997.

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The defensive reasons held by both allies and Germans in ww2

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on the defensive reasons held by both allies and Germans in ww2. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality the defensive reasons held by both allies and Germans in ww2 paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in the defensive reasons held by both allies and Germans in ww2, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your the defensive reasons held by both allies and Germans in ww2 paper at affordable prices with custom writing service/a>! For a number of reasons defensive positions held by both the Germans and the Allies in the First World War from 114 to 117 were more effective than their offensive positions. Taking a defensive stance gives the advantage of power tactics are more simple to organise and carry out, fields of fire could be predetermined, and casualties could be dealt with more efficiently and effectively. Generally the ideologies of a defensive position have remained the same through time; they are to simply dig in and wait for the attack. In any battle the defending army is the more powerful, therefore more likely to be victorious. The defending side can make use of cover that gave, and gives, troops a sense of safety and confidence. A soldier's first reaction when under fire, from both machine guns and artillery, to seek cover and this aids them both mentally and physically, as a soldier in a trench, pill box or rifle pit was better protected than one out in the open The weapons technology of the time far outclassed the tactics, in terms of an offensive. Machine guns and artillery made it difficult, if not impossible, for an offensive action to succeed. The frontal assault tactic of both armies, but more specifically the Allies, was neither practical nor effective against these weapons. In a defensive position machine guns and artillery could be set up to fire into no man's land. Fields of fire and kill zones were put in place, as troop movements over this area could be forecast prior to the attacks. This ability to set up and wait; gave the defensive armies a huge advantage by the time battle came around. Soldiers are advantaged from defensive positions, they are able to wait for the enemy to come to them; they have more time to aim and prepare for the assault. Even box barrages could be out witted, to some extent, as soldiers could wait out the volley of artillery fire yet still man their guns before the attacking force arrived.

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Defensive positions held by the Germans, in the later years of the war, were beneficial, as the Allies had to attack in the attempt to expel them. This gave the Germans an advantage as they could dig in, set up their machine guns and artillery and wait for the French and British to attack.From a humanitarian point of view, the dead and wounded could also dealt with more effectively from a defensive position, as there was less transport time from injury to treatment. It is a known fact that moving dead, dying and injured takes a great deal of man power; therefore a defensive position was beneficial as Surgeons and field hospitals were generally closer at hand.

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Sports is great why?

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Sports is great why?. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Sports is great why? paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in Sports is great why?, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your Sports is great why? paper at affordable prices with cheap custom writing service! Let Him Have It EssayThere are many films based on true stories and these films are often bias due to the fact that they are based on the perspective of at least one of the real life characters."Let them have it" also contains this biasness as Iris Bentley who is the sister of Derek Bentley which was the convicted murderer.After seeing the film I was left feeling very sorry for Derek but also felt unhappy because of the injustice of Christopher Craig being let out of prison.

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The whole reason for making the film "Let him have it" is to manipulate us into feeling sorry for Derek. Manipulation means to1. To move, arrange, operate, or control by the hands or by mechanical means, especially in a skilful manner She manipulated the lights to get just the effect she wanted.. To influence or manage shrewdly or deviously He manipulated public opinion in his favour. To tamper with or falsify for personal gain tried to manipulate stock prices. 4. Medicine. To handle and move in an examination or for therapeutic purposes manipulate a joint; manipulate the position of a foetus during delivery. The type of manipulation we look at in "Let him have it" is the second one. This type of manipulation can be done in a various number of ways such as the appearance of someone or the history behind someone.Before you have even begun to watch "let him have it," you are manipulated by the video case. The main picture confronts us with the two main characters, Craig and Bentley. As we look at Craig we are straight away manipulated to look at him as an evil gangster. We take this view of him from the black clothes which you associate with evil. He also looks very pale which reminds us of vampires. He has the gangster style hat and looks like a rouge character. The light is directly on him which makes us look at him first and this is so we notice the gun he holds which tells us that he has the power to kill or severely injure.Derek Bentley completely contrasts with Craig. You can first see that he's slightly smaller than Craig which would make you think that he's not the ring leader. Bentley also appears younger than Craig. This manipulates us because Bentley is actually both taller and older than Craig. When we look at Bentley he has a very innocent and venerable expression on his face which makes him look possibly scared of Craig.From this picture we get an image in our heads of one criminal which is Craig and one innocent young boy which is Bentley. The video case manipulates us into thinking that Craig may shoot someone and I get the impression that he will shoot Bentley.This film is very bias and subjective because Iris Bentley helped Peter Medak make the film and therefore all the parts with Bentley in, she would've given it from her point of view. The point of the film is to make us feel sorry for Derek so Iris will make sure that we see him in the best possible light.During the film there are many ways in which we are manipulated by Peter Medak. The techniques used are to manipulate us visually, different types of music, sound effects, different camera angles and clothing worn by characters.When Derek has epilepsy fits the camera goes into a Big close up of his face. The music is very powerful because the beat of it seems to show the beat of Derek's heart which is obviously high. This makes us feel sorry for him because the scenes are very traumatic.When Derek is getting accepted into the gang we see that he gets a bright blue jacket rather than a black one like the rest of the gang. This makes us think that Bentley is not really part of the gang.The main part of the movie where we get manipulated is when Derek and Craig are in court. When Humphreys is questioning Bentley about the knuckleduster and why he took it from Craig, Bentley replies "Something I'd never had Sir, a gift" This line shows just how much of a child Bentley is, as most children accept any gift given to them on the principle that it is a gift and therefore must be accepted. This was the idea that Bentley was working on when he accepted the knuckle-duster from Craig. After a few minutes of questioning from Humphreys the Judge (seated on Bentley's left) joins in with his own questions, it now seems as if the two men are attacking Bentley, trying to force him to confess. As Bentley becomes more and more terrified the director shows the audience things from Bentley's point of view the camera flicks back and forth from Humphreys to the Judge as they alternately fire questions at Bentley. The camera then zooms in on Bentley who, at the director's choice, still has bruises left over from Fairfax's rough treatment of him, two months earlier. These bruises heighten the audience's feelings of pity towards Bentley and also make him appear more vulnerable. As the camera continues to zoom in on Bentley the audience can hear his increasingly laboured breathing and see his eyes flickering around the room. The director has done this in order to show the audience how weak and vulnerable Bentley really is. The fact he is crying also shows us how child like he really is.When Bentley is hanged, we are manipulated into thinking that his soul is going to heaven because the camera comes all the way up from the basement out of the prison and to the sky where it then enters his house. It then goes to the living room where you see his Mum, Dad and Iris all grieving. You hear the clock tick quite loudly and then it stops. This is to sow that it is over and he has died.In my opinion it's obvious that we are manipulated to feel sorry for Bentley and to hate Craig which is achieved successfully. Every film that you watch will manipulate us because you see what the director wants you to see but in this case it's not the director it's Iris.

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In figs. 1, , and the current rating if the transformer secondary is that flowing through the load since there are no ramifications of the circuits other than the non conducting diode(s) where no current flows, so the current rating can be calculated by simply dividing VL by RL. So the current rating in the secondary is the maximum that can be born by the diodes and that is Vmax/RL.

First, w can see that VDC in circuit 1 is approximately half of that in fig., which is approximately half of that in fig.. First, fig.1 is a half-wave rectifier, that is the signal passed by the diode that reached the load is only the positive part of the 7.5Vrms signal so the mean is reasonably half that of full-wave rectifier of the same input voltage, which will pass the absolute value of the signal giving a mean of (mean of positive part).

Second, the ripple voltage is the same in figs.1 and , 10.5 V, since we are using the same voltage supply which is approximately 7.5 and the voltage drop that is across the diode is the same in both circuits since the current passes by one diode in each case. (In fig. the voltage drop is across the conducting diode). As for fig. the ripple voltage is of 0.7 V, that is approximately the double of that in the previous two circuits. But if we take the ripple facto we can see clearly that the ripple factor is the same in fig. and fig. and is equal to the half of the ripple factor in fig.1, that is also due to the fact that fig.1 is a half-wave rectifier and fig. and are full wave rectifiers.

Third, for average and peak currents, we are the one that fixed the average current to 50 mA in the load but what varies is the peak to peak current in the diode. We can clearly see that the current in fig 1 is far higher than that in figs. and and that is due to the fact since the voltage is half its value the current must be twice its value, and here we have it a little more than twice.

Fourth, the peak inverse voltage is the voltage across the non-conducting diode or the voltage across the diode when it is non-conducting. In fig.1 since we have only one diode the peak inverse voltage has got to be half that of that in fig. While in fig., we have an input value that is the double of that in fig. but we have in each path one more diode so, at each diode the peak inverse voltage is equal to half its value in the whole circuit that is why it cam out to be equal to the peak inverse voltage measured in fig..

Finally, the percent regulation can be easily compared between the three circuits. As we move from fig.1 then then we see that the percent regulation is shrinking with 4.6 % for fig.1 to .8% for fig. and 1.% for fig.. The regulation is mainly due to the fact that diodes are not ideal and have a certain voltage drop. As for the transformer requirements, we have to be careful to choose a transformer that can take a secondary current rating that matches the peak diode current measured and diodes that can bear that high currents, especially in fig.1.

From table-A we can derive the conditions under which each of these circuits is advantageous. If we want a low DC, average, voltage we have to use fig.1 with a ripple factor of . while if we want a medium average voltage, fig. is the best and finally we can choose fig.. And the regulations are very close to each other even if fig. has the best percent regulation.For the circuit shown in Fig.4_____________________________________

As it appears in table-1, VC does increase with increasing C, because when C increases Vr decreases and thus VDC=Vmax-Vr/ increases.

Also, Vr decreases when C increases since RC time constant increases thus the capacitor will take more time to discharge and by the time it will begin to charge again it would have lost less charges that with a lower C so the Vr is inversely related to C.

The ratio IF/IDC varies also with C. for values of C not too large we can see from table-1 that as C increases IF/IDC increases but when C reaches a value that is too large it can be charged enough to immediately deliver current that would lead to a decrease in IF.

The approximate relations that are included in the theory section are valid when Vr is small (in the mV range) and that is what appears in table- above. And the ripple voltage is small when the C has large value, in reality when RC has a large value, so we can consider these relations valid for C=1000ìF for R=680 Ù, and for C100 ìF for R=.kÙ.

We can see that with an increasing C, VDC increases so if we take V0 to be the no-load voltage, (VDC-V0)/V0 will decrease in absolute value making the regulation more adequate, and this can be explained by the fact that the ripple becomes smaller and smaller making the signal grow steady.

IF must be compensated for in the capacitor filter, so it must be added to the current rating because we want to get a transformer that can take such a high current as well a s a diode that can take such a high current.

For a certain required Vr and VDC/IDC, the rms voltage rating of the secondary can be calculated from the relation in the theory section _VDC=Vmax-Vr/ Vmax= VDC+ Vr/ Vrms=( VDC+ Vr/)/?

We have Vr=Vmax/(ðfRLC) C= Vmax/(ðfRLVr) C= (VDC+ Vr /)/(ðfRLVr)In figs. 1, , and the current rating if the transformer secondary is that flowing through the load since there are no ramifications of the circuits other than the non conducting diode(s) where no current flows, so the current rating can be calculated by simply dividing VL by RL. So the current rating in the secondary is the maximum that can be born by the diodes and that is Vmax/RL.

First, w can see that VDC in circuit 1 is approximately half of that in fig., which is approximately half of that in fig.. First, fig.1 is a half-wave rectifier, that is the signal passed by the diode that reached the load is only the positive part of the 7.5Vrms signal so the mean is reasonably half that of full-wave rectifier of the same input voltage, which will pass the absolute value of the signal giving a mean of (mean of positive part).

Second, the ripple voltage is the same in figs.1 and , 10.5 V, since we are using the same voltage supply which is approximately 7.5 and the voltage drop that is across the diode is the same in both circuits since the current passes by one diode in each case. (In fig. the voltage drop is across the conducting diode). As for fig. the ripple voltage is of 0.7 V, that is approximately the double of that in the previous two circuits. But if we take the ripple facto we can see clearly that the ripple factor is the same in fig. and fig. and is equal to the half of the ripple factor in fig.1, that is also due to the fact that fig.1 is a half-wave rectifier and fig. and are full wave rectifiers.

Third, for average and peak currents, we are the one that fixed the average current to 50 mA in the load but what varies is the peak to peak current in the diode. We can clearly see that the current in fig 1 is far higher than that in figs. and and that is due to the fact since the voltage is half its value the current must be twice its value, and here we have it a little more than twice.

Fourth, the peak inverse voltage is the voltage across the non-conducting diode or the voltage across the diode when it is non-conducting. In fig.1 since we have only one diode the peak inverse voltage has got to be half that of that in fig. While in fig., we have an input value that is the double of that in fig. but we have in each path one more diode so, at each diode the peak inverse voltage is equal to half its value in the whole circuit that is why it cam out to be equal to the peak inverse voltage measured in fig..

Finally, the percent regulation can be easily compared between the three circuits. As we move from fig.1 then then we see that the percent regulation is shrinking with 4.6 % for fig.1 to .8% for fig. and 1.% for fig.. The regulation is mainly due to the fact that diodes are not ideal and have a certain voltage drop. As for the transformer requirements, we have to be careful to choose a transformer that can take a secondary current rating that matches the peak diode current measured and diodes that can bear that high currents, especially in fig.1.

From table-A we can derive the conditions under which each of these circuits is advantageous. If we want a low DC, average, voltage we have to use fig.1 with a ripple factor of . while if we want a medium average voltage, fig. is the best and finally we can choose fig.. And the regulations are very close to each other even if fig. has the best percent regulation.For the circuit shown in Fig.4_____________________________________

As it appears in table-1, VC does increase with increasing C, because when C increases Vr decreases and thus VDC=Vmax-Vr/ increases.

Also, Vr decreases when C increases since RC time constant increases thus the capacitor will take more time to discharge and by the time it will begin to charge again it would have lost less charges that with a lower C so the Vr is inversely related to C.

The ratio IF/IDC varies also with C. for values of C not too large we can see from table-1 that as C increases IF/IDC increases but when C reaches a value that is too large it can be charged enough to immediately deliver current that would lead to a decrease in IF.

The approximate relations that are included in the theory section are valid when Vr is small (in the mV range) and that is what appears in table- above. And the ripple voltage is small when the C has large value, in reality when RC has a large value, so we can consider these relations valid for C=1000ìF for R=680 Ù, and for C100 ìF for R=.kÙ.

We can see that with an increasing C, VDC increases so if we take V0 to be the no-load voltage, (VDC-V0)/V0 will decrease in absolute value making the regulation more adequate, and this can be explained by the fact that the ripple becomes smaller and smaller making the signal grow steady.

IF must be compensated for in the capacitor filter, so it must be added to the current rating because we want to get a transformer that can take such a high current as well a s a diode that can take such a high current.

For a certain required Vr and VDC/IDC, the rms voltage rating of the secondary can be calculated from the relation in the theory section _VDC=Vmax-Vr/ Vmax= VDC+ Vr/ Vrms=( VDC+ Vr/)/?

We have Vr=Vmax/(ðfRLC) C= Vmax/(ðfRLVr) C= (VDC+ Vr /)/(ðfRLVr)In figs. 1, , and the current rating if the transformer secondary is that flowing through the load since there are no ramifications of the circuits other than the non conducting diode(s) where no current flows, so the current rating can be calculated by simply dividing VL by RL. So the current rating in the secondary is the maximum that can be born by the diodes and that is Vmax/RL.

First, w can see that VDC in circuit 1 is approximately half of that in fig., which is approximately half of that in fig.. First, fig.1 is a half-wave rectifier, that is the signal passed by the diode that reached the load is only the positive part of the 7.5Vrms signal so the mean is reasonably half that of full-wave rectifier of the same input voltage, which will pass the absolute value of the signal giving a mean of (mean of positive part).

Second, the ripple voltage is the same in figs.1 and , 10.5 V, since we are using the same voltage supply which is approximately 7.5 and the voltage drop that is across the diode is the same in both circuits since the current passes by one diode in each case. (In fig. the voltage drop is across the conducting diode). As for fig. the ripple voltage is of 0.7 V, that is approximately the double of that in the previous two circuits. But if we take the ripple facto we can see clearly that the ripple factor is the same in fig. and fig. and is equal to the half of the ripple factor in fig.1, that is also due to the fact that fig.1 is a half-wave rectifier and fig. and are full wave rectifiers.

Third, for average and peak currents, we are the one that fixed the average current to 50 mA in the load but what varies is the peak to peak current in the diode. We can clearly see that the current in fig 1 is far higher than that in figs. and and that is due to the fact since the voltage is half its value the current must be twice its value, and here we have it a little more than twice.

Fourth, the peak inverse voltage is the voltage across the non-conducting diode or the voltage across the diode when it is non-conducting. In fig.1 since we have only one diode the peak inverse voltage has got to be half that of that in fig. While in fig., we have an input value that is the double of that in fig. but we have in each path one more diode so, at each diode the peak inverse voltage is equal to half its value in the whole circuit that is why it cam out to be equal to the peak inverse voltage measured in fig..

Finally, the percent regulation can be easily compared between the three circuits. As we move from fig.1 then then we see that the percent regulation is shrinking with 4.6 % for fig.1 to .8% for fig. and 1.% for fig.. The regulation is mainly due to the fact that diodes are not ideal and have a certain voltage drop. As for the transformer requirements, we have to be careful to choose a transformer that can take a secondary current rating that matches the peak diode current measured and diodes that can bear that high currents, especially in fig.1.

From table-A we can derive the conditions under which each of these circuits is advantageous. If we want a low DC, average, voltage we have to use fig.1 with a ripple factor of . while if we want a medium average voltage, fig. is the best and finally we can choose fig.. And the regulations are very close to each other even if fig. has the best percent regulation.For the circuit shown in Fig.4_____________________________________

As it appears in table-1, VC does increase with increasing C, because when C increases Vr decreases and thus VDC=Vmax-Vr/ increases.

Also, Vr decreases when C increases since RC time constant increases thus the capacitor will take more time to discharge and by the time it will begin to charge again it would have lost less charges that with a lower C so the Vr is inversely related to C.

The ratio IF/IDC varies also with C. for values of C not too large we can see from table-1 that as C increases IF/IDC increases but when C reaches a value that is too large it can be charged enough to immediately deliver current that would lead to a decrease in IF.

The approximate relations that are included in the theory section are valid when Vr is small (in the mV range) and that is what appears in table- above. And the ripple voltage is small when the C has large value, in reality when RC has a large value, so we can consider these relations valid for C=1000ìF for R=680 Ù, and for C100 ìF for R=.kÙ.

We can see that with an increasing C, VDC increases so if we take V0 to be the no-load voltage, (VDC-V0)/V0 will decrease in absolute value making the regulation more adequate, and this can be explained by the fact that the ripple becomes smaller and smaller making the signal grow steady.

IF must be compensated for in the capacitor filter, so it must be added to the current rating because we want to get a transformer that can take such a high current as well a s a diode that can take such a high current.

For a certain required Vr and VDC/IDC, the rms voltage rating of the secondary can be calculated from the relation in the theory section _VDC=Vmax-Vr/ Vmax= VDC+ Vr/ Vrms=( VDC+ Vr/)/?

We have Vr=Vmax/(ðfRLC) C= Vmax/(ðfRLVr) C= (VDC+ Vr /)/(ðfRLVr)

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Lord of the flies

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"What is man without the beasts? If all the beasts were gone, man would die from loneliness of spirit. For whatever happens to the beasts happens to man. All things are connected…" Unknown. What is a man without the beast that lives within? As we compare this quote to the novel Lord of the Flies by William Golding, we receive the understanding that the so called "beast" that lived on the island was not that of reality, but more so the beast that lived inside the boys themselves. The beast plays the most significant role in the novel because it is represented in various forms and is portrayed differently by all the characters. The beast represents evil and the lack of civilization. There is a physical beast or a physical representation of the inner beast within, that not everyone is gifted enough to find out for themselves who or what this beast really is.

The beast representing evil is the main focus of the novel. The boys are scared of something on the island but they don't know what it is that they fear. "The fear of the unknown can be a powerful force, which can turn you to either insight or hysteria." This quote applies to the boys' reaction on the unknown creature that "lurks" the island. Darkness symbolizes evil and the beast only exists at night. Daylight brings safety to the island but at night in the dark, not even a group of young boys can feel safe together. There are three characters that can be symbolic to the evil beast and they are Simon, a shy spiritual and gentle boy, Jack, the jealous hunter who is very hot tempered, and the parachutist, dead from war. Simon does come in contact with the physical beast, the Lord of the Flies itself, a pig's head on a stick covered with a thick black halo of flies, but never receives the opportunity to share his experience with the others. Simon is a martyr and it is actually a good thing because since he did not succeed in sharing his information about the beast with the others, they now have to find out for themselves what it is they fear. One has a better understanding of something once he actually comes in contact with it. The parachutist is a figure of war that has been dropped on the mountaintop. Right above them, "something like a great ape was sitting asleep with its head between its knees. The creature lifted its head, holding toward them the ruin of a face." 140. This was actually the outline of the dead body that has not decayed because it is wrapped in a tarp that is protecting and preserving it. The beast also represents evil in the character Jack. Jack's main priority is to hunt and kill which carries out his evil intentions.

The lack of civilization is tremendous throughout the novel because as the boys become accustomed to the island, they start losing the rules, and an island with no rules is chaos. The boys start turning into savages and rip apart whatever they can get their hands on, including fellow savages and friends. They can't control their horrid actions because evilness has taken over their sense of mind. The only thing the boys think about all day long is how "to get a handful of that brown, vulnerable flesh. The desire to squeeze and hurt was over-mastering." 10. They also acted uncivilized when they killed the female pig. They acted in such a vicious manner that the killing of the pig can be compared to a rape. Bloodshed has covered the island for the boys have fallen into an out of control bloodlust.

Every person that lives and walks the earth has some sort of beast or evil creature dwelling inside of him or her. This is examined the best in Simon, the sacrificial scapegoat. Simon is a very secretive person and doesn't like to share his inner emotions with others. He does actually come in contact with the beast itself and he has a confrontation where the beast metaphorically speaks to him. On top of him fearing the beast, he is absolutely terrified of Jack. Jack's inner beast within is just dying to escape to terrorize the island. Jack's personality is similar to that of an animal; barbaric. He expresses these actions when the boys play the game of killing Robert. They act with a cannibalistic behavior and if regret wasn't an issue, they would have gone along and actually killed him. "The vivid horror of this, so possible and so nakedly terrifying, held them all silent." . Ralph is being influenced by Jack and is being drawn into the bloodlust that has taken over the island. He longs for the comfort of his home and to rid himself of the fears and dangers of the island. There is a famous quote that can illustrate this situation. "There is nothing to fear but fear itself." Anon. This can be defined as the mysterious fear that hovers over the island.

Custom Essays on lord of the flies

The physical representation of the beast is not really clear because each child has a different imagination and pictures life in his or her own personal way. One littlun' is scared of a "beastie" that he hears at night. "And I was frightened and started to call out for Ralph and then I saw something moving among the trees, something big and horrid." . It is not known where this beast comes from or if it really exists. There is an imaginary beast that is the result of all the illusions and mirages that occur all over the island. The beast from water can be depicted as a scary creature that swims or creeps through the depths of the ocean. No one has actually met this physical beast either. The only proof that a real physical beast exists is the pig's head on the stick that Simon converses with.

Why is the concept of the beast significant? Throughout the novel there are many examples of the multiple explanations and personalities of the beast. The beast is portrayed as the inner beast within, as a physical beast, and as a beast representing evil. All this leads up to the lack of civilization and how the boys turn into savages and murderers. This novel could not have been put together better.

Please note that this sample paper on lord of the flies is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on lord of the flies, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on lord of the flies will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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