Harlem Renaissance

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The Harlem Renaissance, also known as the New Negro Movement startedat the end of World War I, but only began to get recognized around 14. TheHarlem Renaissance was made up of chiefly writers and was considered aphenomenon. This movement started at a time when racism was still at large.

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African Americans had to deal with the KKK and other racial prejudices insociety. The Harlem Renaissance was significant because it was the first timeAfrican Americans expressed their views on racism and their self-love for oneanother, using lyrical styles that was never seen before in African Americanwriting. Two of the most prominent poets of the time were Arna Bontemps andLangston Hughes.

The Harlem Renaissance happened fifty seven years after the EmancipationProclamation. Previously, African Americans didn't have much education or achance to make their mark in the literary world. They didn't have much of achance because they were still looked upon as inferior. They were also thoughtnot to have a distinct cultural heritage.

The United States got involved in World War I in the year 117. At thattime, race riots were happening and lynchings were frequent. After World War Iended in 118, African Americans started coming to the North hoping to escapethe racist treatment in the South. Unfortunately, life in the North wasn't that muchgreater. In the South, more and more race riots occurred and many black peoplewere beaten and killed-- this was known as "Red Summer" (Anderson, pg. 16). Also, the number of lynchings were increasing. This is what spurred the outbreak of African American artists. They grew tired of keeping quiet and focused theiremotions into their writing. "The emergence of the New Negro symbolized blackliberation and the final shaking off of the residuals of slavery in mind, spirit andcharacter. This new man shed the costume of the shuffling darky, the subservientand docile retainer, the clown; he was a man and a citizen in his own rightintelligent, articulate, self-assured and urban." (Lightner, 16) The HarlemRenaissance started to fade between the stock market crash and the GreatDepression.

Arna Bontemps was born in Alexandria, Louisiana. He and his familymoved to Los Angeles when he was three, because of racist incidents inAlexandria. Bontemps dropped out of a white boarding school, because his fathertold him not to "go up there acting colored". He didn't like the idea of hiding his racial heritage and transferred to Pacific Union College. A year after hegraduated, he started to publish his poetry. Bontemps was influenced by fellowpoets, Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen. In many of his poems, Bontempsdraws from folklore-- spirituals, blues, and jazz (Bengtson, 000). In his poem,"A Black Man Talks of Reaping" Bontemps bitterly presents the black man'sexperience. He implies that the black race forever plants, but never reaps whatthey sow-- labor without reward. In Bontemps eyes he always felt black peoplewere working overtime to be equal with whites, but their hard work was fornothing. He felt their social capacity didn't change significantly. An example ofthis was during World War I, when blacks were called to serve in the war, butwere still treated as second class citizens. They were still segregated and didn'tget the same treatment as white soldiers. A verse from "A Black Man Talks ofReaping" is "Yet what I sowed and what the orchard yields/ my brother's sons are gathering stalk and root/ small wonder then my children glean in fields/ they havenot sown and feed on bitter fruit." (Bengtsson, 000). In another poem,Bontemps writes about a different issue, he describes the dark despair duringslavery. This poem was called "Southern Mansion". Lines like "chains ofbondmen dragging on the ground" gives the poem an eerie tone.

Arna Bontemps did not just write poetry, he wrote novels and essays also. Black Thunder Gabriel's revolt Virginia 1800 was set during the slave uprising in year 1800. It was said to be "the only novel dealing forthrightly with the historicaland revolutionary traditions of the Negro people" (Bloom, pg. ). The wayBontemps wrote the protagonist, Gabriel was inspiring. Even when he was caughtfor the uprising, he still possessed hope and courage. Gabriel fought when hisfellow slaves ran for their lives. The novel establishes the concept of freedom, andis found in later works of Bontemps. Black Thunder surpassed the boundaries andideology of "the Negro novel".

One of the most well known poets during the Harlem Renaissance wasLangston Hughes. He was born in Joplin, Missouri. He has written many poemsand stories. His style was of a jazz and blues flavor. Hughes was one of the majorpoets to break the tradition of African American literature. Instead of just writingabout racial prejudices, he also celebrated the Black lifestyle. "There is so muchrichness in Negro humor, so much beauty in black dreams, so much dignity in ourstruggle and so much universality in our problems, in us--in each living humanbeing of color-- that I do not understand the tendency today that of running awayfrom us, of being afraid to sing our songs, paint our own pictures, write aboutourselves." says Hughes. (Bloom, pg. 70) It was clear that Hughes stood by this statement, because it showed in his work. In "My People", Hughes calls AfricanAmericans beautiful-- using the endearing term "my people". He compared theireyes to the stars and their souls to the bright sun. It was well known that LangstonHughes was very proud of who he was.

Hughes also wrote about the hardships of being Black. In some of hiswritings, racist issues and the lack of equality in America were discussed. Hughesbelieved in the American Dream, and was proud to be an American. Unfortunately, the American Dream didn't pertain to African-Americans-- theyweren't treated equally, despite what the laws implied. In his poem, "Democracy"he says "I tire so of hearing people say/ Let things take their course/ Tomorrow isanother day/ I do not need my freedom when I'm dead/ I cannot live ontomorrow's bread." (Knopf, pg. 85) In 11, Hughes visited the South for a tourand saw the treatment of blacks there. He also recognized the differences betweenblacks in the South and blacks in the North. The Southern blacks didn't agree withHughes's American ideals. Hughes's book Magnolia Flowers is a collection ofpoems that explores the black man's lack of freedom with references to lynchingsin the South. One of the poems in the collection was "The South". "Its masculineaspect the South is bestial, sub-human, a predator and scavenger, and in itsfeminine aspect a degenerate femme fatale, a syphilitic whore." (Gates, pg. 144) The poem's metaphors relate to history because the usual excuse for lynching ablack man was because he was accused of raping a white woman. Most of thetimes, the accusations were false. At the end of the poem, the narrator says he willgo to the North because it's nicer there. A verse from "The South" is "And I, whoam black, would love her/ But she spits in my face/ And I, who am black/ Wouldgive her many rare gifts/ But she turns her back upon me." (Knopf, pg. 17)

The Harlem Renaissance was an extraordinary time for African Americans. Writers of that time shocked the world. The vernacular and jazzy language thatwas used in the writings were extremely revolutionary. The selection of these twopoets/novelists wrote about the issues that were present at that time. In theirwriting you can feel what they feel-- that is why the Harlem Renaissance is soimportant. The writing brought so much life to the topics they wrote about.

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