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Charles Dickens, in his novel A Christmas Carol, constantly develops the theme of free will over determinism. Scrooge, when met by the ghost of Christmas yet to come, encounters visions of the future. He sees both Tiny Tim's death and his own death in these visions. He asks the ghost if they are visions of what may be or of what will be. The specter is silent and leaves Scrooge to answer his own question. Dickens also uses the character of Jacob Marley to present what Scrooge can turn out like, if in fact he does not alter his way of life. Throughout the novel, Dickens elaborates upon the idea that it is possible for a person to change their fate, hence the concept of free will.
Jacob Marley is portrayed as a mournful apparition who carries a long chain. The chain is comprised of cash-boxes, keys, padlocks, ledgers, deeds, and heavy purses wrought in steel. The specter describes the chain as being, "the chain I forged in life." Scrooge will also be wearing this chain in his afterlife. Scrooge‘s chain, Marley says, is already longer and heavier than his own. Marley's ghost makes Scrooge aware that three ghosts will haunt him as he says, "I am here to-night to warn you, that you have yet a chance and hope of escaping my fate. A chance and hope of my procuring, Ebenezer." (p 5) This is the first mention of Scrooge's free will to change his destiny. At this point, Scrooge is living a cold life, and he will be spending eternity with a chain to carry around, exactly like his partner. Marley lets Scrooge know that he has a chance to change his future, a chance that he did not have himself. Marley exclaims that he wears his chain of his own free will. "I made it link by link...I girded it on of my own free will." (p 46) These two quotes are both the first introductions to free will in the novel. Marley is warning Scrooge that he can escape his life of solitude if he listens to the three spirits he will be haunted by. Unfortunately, Marley did not have a chance in his life to change. By his own free will, he wears the chains. Scrooge has the chance to change his destiny. The Ghost of Christmas Present is the next to present to Scrooge the apprehension of free will and determining your own future. Scrooge witnesses Christmas at the Cratchit home. Bob Cratchit, along with his wife and children sit around the table eating Christmas dinner gaily. Tiny Tim, on the verge of death, is the most joyful in the family as he says, "God bless us everyone." The lighthearted family of the Cratchit's amazes Scrooge and he cries out asking if Tiny Tim will live. The ghost replies, "If these shadows remain unaltered by the Future, none other of my race will find him here. What then? If he be like to die, he had better do it and decrease the population." (p 11) Scrooge is heartbroken to hear his own words repeated back to him by the ghost. When it comes to Tiny Tim, Scrooge feels a bond towards him, even though he has yet to meet him. The ghost hints towards Scrooge that the future can be changed, but at the present time Tiny Tim will not live. Free will comes into play with the case of Tiny Tim, and is more of a reason for Scrooge to change himself.
Two wretched, miserable children are the objects of the next reference to free will. The two children come out from underneath the ghost of Christmas present's large robe. The two children represent parts of humanity of the present time. On one of his last breaths, as he has a short lifetime, the specter describes the children.
"They are Man's...And they cling to me, appealing from their fathers. This
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boy is Ignorance. This girl is Want. Beware of them both, and all their
degree, but most of all beware this boy, for on his brow I see that which is
Doom, unless the writing be erased." (p 158) Both children may be in fact an indication of Scrooge himself. Ignorance, the boy, represents Scrooge especially. The Doom the boy is about to go through is the doom of all ignorant people. The last line insinuates free will. The Doom will occur only if the writing on his brow Is not erased. A person has the chance, according to the spirit, to turn around their lives. By leaving the life of Ignorance and Want, Scrooge will be able to change his life around. This is again, Dickens' idea that a person has free will and the ability to incur their own fate.
The ghost of Christmas Yet to Come is the ghost who is the most representative of free will. Scrooge sees the visions of people around town rejoicing over the death of an individual, which he fears is his own. After seeing his own gravestone, it is revealed that in fact Scrooge has died as the cruel, heartless man that he stands as now in the present. Scrooge goes into a fit of mourning and he cries out asking the ghost questions. The ghost is silent.
"Are these the shadows of the things that Will be or are they the shadows
of the things that May be, only?… But if the courses be departed from,
the ends will change….I am not the man I was...Why show me this, if I
am past all hope?" (p 16-17)Of course, Scrooge is not past all hope. He has the chance to change his fate. According to Dickens, the shadows Scrooge witnesses are the shadows of what May be if he does not change his life of ignorance and want. As Scrooge exclaims in the fourth stave, he is willing to honor Christmas in his heart, and by doing this he will change the future.
Scrooge, from the beginning of the novel to the conclusion changes from a heartless, friendless man to a jubilant man living life for everything it is worth. From the "visits" of the spirits, Scrooge realizes that he is able to change. Any person is able to reach redemption. Scrooge was on the road to a afterlife exactly like Marley's, but he realized that he can change his fate. Dickens' major theme in the novel is that if a person is able to do right to everything they have previously done wrong, ultimately the person will be able to redeem their soul.
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