Child labor throughout history

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Child labor, though not as evident as it used to be, is still around today. The "children" may be older with a little more education, but they are still a vital component of today's workforce. Although there have been many changes since the early nineteenth century such as the Fair Labor Standards Act and compulsory education laws, child labor is still lurking around America.

Children in the early nineteenth century had to work in order to help support their families. They would work about seventy two hours a week with little breaks. Children were always tired and hungry and working conditions were very dangerous. Many boys first worked as "breaker boys" until they were old enough to work in the mines. They would work above the ground pulling rocks and slate from coal cars as they rushed by. In order to accomplish this task these boys would sit on boards that hung over the coal chutes. Some of these children often fell or were hit by rushing carts. These children knew that their family depended on their income, and did not question their duty. Child laborers could not attend school and rarely knew how to read or write.

Children were also attractive to employers because there were always lots of them. The employers could pay lower wages and force the children to work long hours. A child's size was also valuable to an employer because adults couldn't fit into the cramped mineshafts, or were quick enough to run through the moving parts of spinning or weaving machines. Children often developed diseases because they were constantly breathing in dust from the coal mines and inhaling cotton fluff from the textiles.

It wasn‘t until the late nineteenth century that reformers began working to raise awareness about the dangers of child labor and establish laws regulating the practice. Organizations, such as the National Child Labor Committee, were started. This organization was launched in 104 by social workers. Another group that helped the children were journalists. Journalists, who were called "muckrakers", gained public support by writing about all the horrible conditions in workplaces. In 116, when the progressive movement was beginning to sweep over America, President Wilson passed the Keating-Owen Act through Congress. With this act, articles that were produced by children were banned from interstate commerce. A couple of years later a Supreme Court ruling declared this act unconstitutional. It wasn't until 18 when the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed that children were freed from dangerous work. With this act, children still worked, but their hours were regulated and the deplorable conditions in which they had worked improved slightly.

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Today, the FLSA (Fair labor Standards Act of 18) is still in use. Every employer must apply the FLSA and also follow their states individual child labor laws. In Florida, minors sixteen and seventeen may not work more than thirty hours a week. They may not work before 60 a.m. or later than 11 p. m. and for no more than eight hours a day. Minors are also supposed to get a thirty minute break after working four consecutive hours. Under Florida law, if an employer violates the rules, they can be fined $,500 per offense, per day, and/or receive a criminal conviction as a second degree misdemeanor. Under federal law, an employer may receive a maximum fine of $10,000.

Even though there are such laws, employers today still do not adhere to these regulations. I have worked since the age of fifteen and unfortunately, I worker for employers that did not follow child labor laws. When I was a senior in high school with less demanding classes, I would work much more than thirty hours a week at the age of seventeen. I did not receive a break ever and in some cases, I would borrow the proprietors car and run errands for his restaurant. This wasn't just a family owned restaurant but a major national chain restaurant. What was totally ironic was that they had copies of Florida's child labor laws all over the restaurant and nobody seemed to care. One restaurant that is being assessed for violating child labor laws is a Steak ‘N Shake in southwestern Ohio. An investigation by the Department's Wage and Hour Division showed that Steak N Shake employed 7 minors, ages 1 through 15, in violation of the child labor provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act. The minors worked more than 8 hours a day and much later in the evening than permitted by regulations and they even had a 1 year old boy working the deep fryers.

For my primary research, I decided to survey fifty of my fellow college students to see if they had ever worked for an employer that disobeyed the law. To my surprise, I found out that 68% of students who worked when they were seventeen, never received a thirty minute break after working four consecutive hours. Most people didn't even know about Florida's child labor laws. I also discovered that when students first started working their grades dropped and they became less socially involved.

The workforce of today still depends on child labor. The "children" are older, more mobile, and working for a variety of reasons. The laws have helped slightly and we no longer see very young children working in dangerous jobs. What we do see are many older adolescents working for long hours, for minimum wages, and sometimes in dangerous conditions. The teenagers are not going to be the ones to complain. The money earned is being saved for college, making car payments, paying insurance, helping their parents pay bills, etc. The teenagers need those jobs.

It is up to the government to ensure that employers follow the laws. It is not enough to print them and put them into books that sit on shelves. Adults must be vigilant and report violations that involve minors. Employers that are in violation should be punished and the infraction remedied. For only then, can we, as Americans, be ensured of the safety of our children.

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A matter of beauty

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on a matter of beauty. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality a matter of beauty paper right on time.

Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in a matter of beauty, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your a matter of beauty paper at affordable prices with Live Paper Help! Close your eyes, think of a time where the woman's main priority was to look after her husband, the children, make more children, and look perfect twenty-four/seven. This wasn't a century ago, this was just fifty years ago, in the mid nineteen fifties and early nineteen sixties. World war two had recently ended, and the population had just seen an immense decrease, so what was a woman to do? Procreate of course! It was the only thing a woman could do to help our nation! When discussing this topic with a teacher I was told that when she had her first child and her husband was coming to see her, all her mother could tell her to do was to "go and fix your hair and put some make-up on" this may seem ridiculous but it's true. Beauty idols were not only beautiful, they were flawless, to call them perfect would not be embellishing the truth. It was these ‘super-women' that ‘normal' everyday women had to measure up to, but there was one difference. These ‘super-women' were working women, they didn't have families and they had people cooking and cleaning for them, not the other way around, or was this image of being a super woman the face they showed the public, an illusion? It was all about presentation and presence…so they of course had to give the impression of having it ‘all together' with an ease that's almost inhuman. Whether an illusion or reality being compared to a superwoman, is an enormous pressure to be placed under when you are an average woman , living an average lifestyle. Jean Shrimpton, or Shrimpie as she hated to be called, was one of the most famous globally known models of the nineteen-sixties, with flawless skin, stars in her eyes and all round head turning facial features, it was no surprise that Elle nominated her "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World,"1 and Glamour named her model of the year in 161. Shrimpton caused a worldwide scandal when she wore a miniskirt to the Melbourne Cup on November , 165, as it was considered un-proper to wear anything with such a short hemline in those days. She made a big impact on the fashion industry in that act of ‘indecency', but after a while others followed and it became the fashion. Jean Shrimpton may not have been Australian herself, but she definitely affected the women (and men) of Australia. How? Well quite simple really, you see the majority of young women, in particular young Australian women just couldn't live up to the standard that Jean Shrimpton and other women in the lime light such as Sophia Loren, Twiggy, Katherine Hepburn, Marilyn Monroe, Grace Kelly and Audrey Hepburn set.

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Sophia Loren ‘Twiggy' Katherine Hepburn Marilyn Monroe Grace Kelly Audrey HepburnThese women were idols for the everyday woman, and the majority of women would strive to look like them, hours spent in front of the mirror with a magazine picture in front of them trying to get that perfect look. It was of course impossible, as these stars had the natural beauty of course but they also had make-up artists, hair stylists, and fashion stylists. Thus the negative effect on their self-esteem was compounded.At one point in time all of these women were extremely well known and looked up to. The media portrayed them to have perfect lives, and therefore the majority of Australian women believed they had to follow suit. This in turn affected their values, about themselves and others. Instead of personality and what a person could give from the inside it was what a person looked like on the outside that was placed of higher value, this of course affected everything; the media, advertisements, who one would socially interact with, and of course marriage partners.The main major influence on this century's attitudes towards beauty was the growth of the film industry. For the first half of the century, all major beauty icons were film actresses. It was a medium that allowed women who would have previously been overlooked to shine. Beauty was an essential attribute for a working class woman to become successful in Hollywood. So its no wonder that young women wanted to and still want to be like them, from the outside it looks as though they have everything; beauty, money, popularity, and acceptance. Thus young women strived to achieve acceptance from society through physical beauty.Chapter Two

NowToday's society has seen huge increases on the importance placed on physical beauty by our society, particularly in young women. What will it do to a young woman's identity? Simply put it will make them think less of themselves, compare themselves to models, and try to change themselves to fit today's ‘normal' ideas of how a young woman should look. Not only does being physically attractive help you to get a good job, perfect boyfriend, but also helps with acceptance. Acceptance with others. ‘According to Kant, "The judgment of beauty is different from cognitive or moral judgment because it is effected subjectively, that is exclusively in reference to the person making the judgment." For a judgment to be truly ‘aesthetic', rather than merely idiosyncratic, the person making the judgment must be adamant that their opinion is in agreement. Nancy Baker's definition in The Beauty Trap is more concerned with intangible personal qualities. "A truly beautiful woman makes the best of her physical assets but, more importantly, she also radiates a personal quality which is attractive." Whereas Arthur Marwick, author or Beauty in History defines a woman's physical beauty in more direct terms; "The beautiful are those who are immediately exciting to almost all the opposite sex."'1 The main reason most teenage girls want to be physically attractive is so they can be accepted. This ‘ideal' has been perpetuated through the media, and it doesn't help that the majority of famous women are beautiful. This leads a young woman to think that to be accepted she must be beautiful, she must be physically appealing. But is it appealing to the opposite sex, or the same sex? More and more I am beginning to think it is more to be accepted by the same sex. I believe that young women in general tend to be more socially judgmental of other women than males are of each other or the opposite sex. Because whom a girl is seen with is also a big part of acceptance, if a girl is seen as being friends with a "beautiful" girl i.e. popular then she will more than likely be accepted into that ‘popular group'. Peer pressure often makes her appearance and looks become almost an obsession. Dissatisfaction is all too common for example about half of all high school girls are on some form of weight control regime, and even plastic surgery has become increasingly desirable for younger women. Research proves that in today's society personal values, perceived body image and vanity were major factors of influence in the purchasing process of young Australian women.1 Also according to other research physical beauty is a strong judge of whether or not a woman will marry, and of the socioeconomic status of her husband. With all this research, research that is readily available to young women, its no wonder that they feel they must be attractive to have a great life! Therefore with this belief in mind a young woman's values begin to change. Through content analysis I discovered that the media strongly promoted young women to be beautiful, although I did find some articles trying to encourage young women to eat properly, be positive about their weight, and to know that one doesn't have to be beautiful to be valued. These article's do try to encourage women to value their intelligence, rather than beauty, and personality over body shape, but the accompanying pictures and advertising strategies being used are saying a totally different thing, the women they use are beautiful, and have the ‘perfect' body. As the old clich says "A picture says a thousand words." If this is true, what message is the media sending out there? ‘Sure have high self esteem, and be intelligent.' But if your not stereotypically ‘beautiful' you won't have this…or this… etc. the list goes on. An article titled ‘why models got so skinny' featured in the 00 February Cosmopolitan talks about how "twenty years ago catwalk models had killer curves and a healthy glow. By the ‘0s skeletal figures and sunken faces were it. How did the waif look become so popular?"1 The article goes on about how models have always been a few sizes smaller than an average sized woman. Katie Ford CEO of Ford Models says that she "believes that it started with the illustrators who drew long, stretched-out bodies in their sketches in the forties."1 Also according to Jeff Kolsurd, owner of Q Model Management in the US "The models are definitely skinnier and more petite that they used to be." Where as statistics prove that generally speaking women's sizes have actually increased over the decades. According to this article some people theorise that it is the female consumers that actually drive the trend. That is that models are thinner because women prefer to look at skinnier women. It also states that even though this might be true in part, but fashion moguls say there are other forces at work. The designers only supply one size of their outfit and if the models auditioning don't fit that size, they don't get the ‘gig'. In 1 a new trend came about, it was given a contemptuous name "heroin chicks" by fashion critics, the trend was that of very thin models and as Calvin Klein said ‘Childlike, womanlike thing'. And when this phase started slightly larger (but still thin) models lost their work to these thin "heroin chicks". Among other things it's this kind of ‘trend' that encourages women to value looks, and body size over their own and other people's personality. It also promotes an unhealthy idea of body image which can lead to some very serious implications such as anorexia, anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and obesity.

Chapter Three The Three ComponentsThe Face…make-up, plastic surgery The pressures of being a young woman in today's society are huge. Pressure to be perfect in every which way is anything but rare. The pressures come from both the macro and micro world. The main offender in the Macro world is the media. The media is telling them that "If they don't look ‘beautiful' and aren't deemed as attractive to both the opposite and same sex that they aren't ‘normal'" or perhaps I shall go as far to say that the media also tells them that "They won't be accepted into society as readily as the more beautiful woman." And the micro world its their peers pressuring them to ‘fit' in.From puberty onwards, young girls use cosmetics in order to look ‘prettier' to attract the opposite sex and also to be accepted by their peers. And their mothers do the same, they use make-up to disguise flaws of age and maintain a youthful appearance.1 But the cosmetics boom does have its adversaries many feminists believe the marketing of cosmetics, along with high fashion, to be an exploitation of women by male industry moguls. Some women even resent having to use cosmetics to compete in the workforce. But for many women, the cosmetics ritual is not a chore or a necessary evil, but an enjoyable activity in itself. The question is not whether or not it's a chore.1 The cosmetic surgery industry is also growing by the day, and the advertising for it is everywhere easily accessible to young women; magazines, newspapers, the Internet, and television. Its popularity has increased quite dramatically in the past decade among everyday working class women. But cosmetic surgery is not a new concept, according to Louise Haywood (Perceptions of Female Beauty in the Twentieth Century by Louise Wood http//barneygrant.tripod.com/p-erceptions.htm) there were some bizarre and painful tools out there for the purpose of beautifying one in particular "M.Trietly's Nose Shaper" which was a metal object which was held over the nose by straps buckled round the head and adjusted with screws, its purpose? To shape a woman's nose of course! Plastic surgery is used to enhance a woman's (or male's) facial features or physique. Having a ready market for plastic surgery says one thing that it's ok to think you're not pretty enough and that it can be ‘fixed'. No only does it give permission for people to think like that, it encourages them to. Which on the larger scale affects a young woman's values of herself. This can result in alienation if a woman doesn't conform she may be forced to feel socially unaccepted and alienated.Weight The BIG Issue Promoting an unhealthy idea of body image can lead to some very serious implications such as anorexia, anorexia nervosa, bulimia, and obesity. These are classified as eating disorders, and although an eating disorder is a very serious condition, it can lead into an even more serious situation hospitalisation. In the 00 December ‘Cosmopolitan' there was an article about how a girl Melinda Hutchings over came this widespread eating disorder. Even though it's a personal recount rather than facts, it does try and promote to people that overcoming an illness is ‘the best thing one can do.' But to be able to get over a disorder, you must first have one. When I showed several people this article I asked their thoughts on it, and shockingly one girl said to me that it actually gave her a good idea for how to lose weight but that's it, that her diet wouldn't turn into a serious disorder. So what is this article really promoting? True it is an article about positive body image, but it also gives young women ideas of ways to go about hiding such things. I would know this as I myself have had an eating disorder bulimia and when I read articles about such things, it wouldn't deter me from continuing them it would just give me ideas to be able to continue wreaking havoc on my body, although I didn't know I was doing it at the time. In an additional article titled "We're Fat and We're Angry"1 I discovered a whole new notion. The article is about women who are over size sixteen and up to a size twenty-eight that are extremely unimpressed with the media and fashion industry. Jodie Hunter who is a size eighteen, entered a competition in a magazine to win a copy of a wedding dress worn by a celebrity. The dress, however, was only offered in a size eight or ten. When Jodie wrote in to complain they replied by saying it was too much trouble to offer a custom size. This would make the majority of the young female population want to lose weight, as it would be seen that they were not a ‘proper' or ‘normal' size, how ironic that the average woman is a twelve. When Cosmo featured Kelly Osbourne on their cover last year they received several letters congratulating them for "having a real woman with a real woman's shape."1 But they also received criticism for not going far enough "Cosmo including women sizes six to sixteen in its pages may be a good start but why not regularly feature a size twenty-six or thirty-two in fashion pages or on the cover?"1 The answer is simple because it could promote obesity, it's almost giving permission to be overweight which is ‘the biggest body problem in Australia'. Also by putting larger women in articles and the cover of magazines (as well as un-averagely slim women) they don't target the majority of Australian women. Who is What Dress Size in Australia?1

Dress Size Percentage of Australian women

Eight and under 6%

Ten 15%

Twelve 4%

Fourteen 1%

Sixteen 14%

Eighteen %

Twenty %

Twenty Two and Larger 4%Statistics provided by Roy Morgan ResearchAs one can see from this table the majority of women in Australia are a size twelve, and the ‘runner up' is size fourteen which is one/two dress size/s smaller than the largest size cosmopolitan models are. This article also proves that yes, it's true not all magazines use bigger women, and perhaps they should. I don't agree with the concept of magazines using bigger than average models OR skinnier than average models as I believe both promote an unhealthy idea of body image. Young women are often exposed to capricious pictures of women, and these have been known to set the standard for the appearance a young woman should desire to be. And due to this we are seeing the vast majority of young women, falling victim to compulsive calorie counting, ritual weigh ins and dangerous crash diets. Even women who are of an average, sometimes slimmer weight perceive themselves as too heavy and continue to pursue this ideal'. Chronic dieting has also been directly attributed to the social pressure on females to achieve a nearly impossible thinness, constantly reinforced by the media and advertising.1 This also strengthens the idea that the Australian media's values of physical appearance directly influences a young woman's values of herself and her peers.Fashion

Fashion is an outlet for how one expresses themselves. But sometimes that outlet can be taken too far and, get twisted into ideas of what one should wear and that if one wears a certain item than they must be this and so on. At school if one doesn't wear ‘branded' clothes they are perceived as not ‘cool' enough, and it's even the same in life after school. On a sub-conscious level when first introduced to a person a judgment is made on that person according to what they wear. Before we hear their hopes, there dreams, if they're married, or what they like to do in their spare time we make judgments based on their outward appearance what they're wearing. This can affect ones self-image and identity, especially if they are stereotyped into an image that they do not wish to conform to. Consumerism is a culture centered on the promotion, sale and acquisition or consumer goods, such as clothes, the fashion industry is mainly centered around consumerism; if there's no consumer not only would there be no point, the fashion industry wouldn't even exist.For example when I carried out my participant observation I dressed up, and I dress down. I got quite different reactions from people, when I dressed down I wore, baggy jeans and a loose fitting t-shirt a real ‘daggy' one that said "Hugs not Drugs", I was approached by not one male, and whenever I tried to approach a member of the opposite sex I was rejected quite blatantly. However, when I dressed up elegantly in a classy dress and high heels (quite maturely) I was allowed into a bar, without being asked for I.D, and was approached by seven older, more distinguished men. Of the six males I approached I was rejected by none, and asked for my phone number five times. On the last participant observation activity I dressed ‘tarty', I wore a short black skirt, black knee-high boots, and a low cut black singlet top. I was approached by sixteen young males and of the six young men I approach I was not rejected by one.This is an advertisement for a brand called ‘Moschino' who mainly sell a range of denim clothing. If this advertisement doesn't convince you that some advertisements do not promote a good body image, and DO promote to be ‘beautiful' then I don't know what will. For someone to buy these clothes they may be under the illusion that they have to look like her, or they wont look as good in the clothes as she would.

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Repeal of the Drinking Age

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Some people say, "Minors are going to drink regardless, so it might as well be legal." Yea. Good point. Men hit their wives, too. Should we legalize that? Some people enjoy abusing their children, regardless of the fact that it's illegal, so should we condone that, too? Of course not. Laws are put into effect for the safety of this country's citizens. No one questions domestic abuse laws because they help protect people. If having a legal drinking age helps protect people too, why are we so quick to question them? Furthermore, many believe that if minors still purchase and consume alcohol underage, the policy doesn't work. On the contrary, evidence proves that although many youth still consume and purchase alcohol, they drink less and experience fewer alcohol-related injuries and death with the higher minimum age. After Prohibition, nearly all states set the minimum legal drinking age at 1. However, between 170 and 175, states lowered the age to 18, 1, or 0 when the minimum age for activities such as voting was lowered as well. Studies were conducted during this period, especially in respects to motor vehicle accidents, which is the leading cause of death among teenagers, according to the National Organization for Youth Safety. Studies showed that motor vehicle crashes among teenagers increased significantly when the minimum legal drinking age was lowered. Since the 170's, more than 70 studies have examined the effects of either increasing or decreasing the minimum age. The American Medical Association has reported many of these research findings. For instance, it was found that a higher minimum legal drinking age is effective in preventing alcohol-related deaths and injuries among youth. A higher minimum age results in fewer alcohol related problems, and having the minimum age set at 1 saves over 1,000 lives every year. Many people are also quick to believe that the United States should follow European ways and kick the minimum drinking age. It's a common misconception that having the privilege to drink at a much younger age helps reduce drinking of driving of youths. However, other factors must be taken into consideration. Compared to Americans, European youth must be older to obtain their driver's licenses, are less likely to have a car, and are more inclined to use public transportation. (Economics and the Prevention of Alcohol-Related Problems, A.C. Wagner).Jim Hall, chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board, stated, "State Age-1 laws are one of the most effective public policies ever implemented in the Nation...I am troubled to report that some supposedly responsible officials would like to repeal them." I find it hard to disagree with him. The minimum legal drinking age of 1 saves the lives of over 1,000 teenagers every year. Think of just one minor you know that is affected by alcohol, maybe even yourself. Now picture your life without that person. It's possible for this law to save the life of your sister, your cousin, your boyfriend or girlfriend, or maybe even your best friend. So ask yourself this is repealing the minimum legal drinking age a chance your willing to take?

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Recession proof marketing

If you order your cheap custom essays from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on recession proof marketing. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality recession proof marketing paper right on time.

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Recession Proof MarketingWritten bySumit Gupta Course MBA (IB) First YearIndian Institute of Foreign TradeRecession Proof Marketing AbstractRecession the word signals declining sales, mounting inventories, declining margins, employees demotivation, uncertainty of cash flows. The obvious measures like across-the-board cost cutting often end up destroying value. It is those who can look beyond the obvious (and often erroneous) who emerge as winners. This paper looks at how marketing in recessionary times is different from the boom times and needs to be adaptive in the changed circumstances. Firstly we will develop the perspectives for marketing in recession. We will then present how marketing is to be adapted to the difficult times through Seven specific strategies. Our points have been adequately substantiated through the examples of various companies who have been noteworthy in adopting the strategies.I. The perspectivesRecession provides an opportunity for change and re-configuration. If we view market as a system of relationships, the recession upsets the existing balance in the system. This takes away the inertia in the existing configurations. This loss of inertia will enable one to reconfigure ones relative position in the market place.The strategies outlined in the paper are a series of planned and proactive measures to undertake when recession strikes, and prepared in advance. It is not as if these strategies don't work in non-recessionary times. They do, but they take a centre stage in a company's strategy. It is not a string of knee-jerk reactions to short-term pressures on performance but a well thought-out and conscious strategic decision.To begin with, let's look at two major issues that completely change the consumer's mindset in terms of needs fulfillment and buying behavior1) It might be useful to look at the essential needs of humans, to get an idea of what motivates humans to act, to change, or to buy products and services. Psychologist Abraham Maslow suggested that we each have a needs hierarchy which essentially tracks our life cycle from birth to maturity. Maslow has used a ladder analogy to picture this hierarchy because individuals are not motivated by the higher needs until the basic ones have been filled. On the other hand, all of the needs are recurring, so they are up and down the ladder quite a bit. What changes during recession is the relative importance of these individual needs. Consumers emphasize more on fulfilling their basic needs first instead of aspiring for fulfillment of higher order needs. This makes it imperative for any marketer to see if he can relate the major benefit of his product or service to one or more of these essential basic human needs. Then re-focus his marketing -- his wording, his look, his positioning statement -- so that it is clear just how he can help a person have his or her basic lower order needs met. "What psychological button does marketer's message push to get the attention of those he can help" is the prime question required to be answered here. ) The big brands become vulnerable during recessionary times. The external cause of vulnerability is in terms of mindshare of the customer. The customer questions the value of the offering and becomes particular about the marginal benefit of additional features of the product. She evaluates it in terms of its functionality and her need, assigning a high weightage to those features. This brings all products in the market close to one another than before in terms of their value in the mind of customer- even for the brand loyal customer. What is worth consideration during recession is that consumers place higher weightage to the core benefits & features related to the product instead of going after non-core attributesConsider this exampleLet us say the attributes of a product ‘X' are a, b, c, d, e, f, g. Out of these, let us say a, b and c are core functional attributes, ‘d' is a psychological attribute like prestige value, ‘e and f ‘ are special or unique features of the product and ‘g' is the brand name.

Core Functional Attributes Psychological Attributes Special or Unique Features Brand Name

a B c d E f GWeights W1 W W W4 W5 W6 W7

The value of the product = aW1 + bW + cW + dW4 + eW5 + fW6 + gW7

Where Wi is the weights assigned to each attribute, W1+W+--------+W7 = 1The weights given to different each of these attributes varies across segments. But in any segment, the weightage assigned to the core functional attributes ‘a, b and c' increases and that of other attributes reduces, when the customer is apprehensive of spending. As a result the differential between a superior product and a basic product reduces. Specifically the products, which bank on non-core attributes and on brand name, will suffer the greatest value erosion in the mind of consumer. Everyone will be forced to compete on the same value proposition in spite of differing product features. The above two issues thus imply that during recession, it becomes imperative for any marketer to adapt a strategy that provides an opportunity to unearth important consumer needs and serve them effectively. The customers become more critical in evaluating their purchase decisions. Hence a well-designed value proposition would not only break the existing loyalties and preferences but also create a lasting relationship in the mind of the consumer, with costs reduced due to lesser hurdles in breaking existing loyalties. The customer's mind share gained today will reap revenue and market share for a long time in future.All this calls for a totally different strategy where a marketer may have to walk on an uncharted path, say by altering the weights attached to product attributes, calling attention to neglected attributes with an aim to fulfill consumer's unserved needs.Keeping the above propositions in mind, we recommend the following strategies in order to make any business recession proofII The Strategies1. Concentrating on core customersConcentrating on core customers entails identifying the most profitable customer segments, and redesigning the value propositions to serve them better. During a recession, these customers are most profitable. Unprofitable customer segments should be culled out as they consume disproportionate resources and destroy value. A major global brewer, for example, used a robust needs-based customer segmentation to define its brand strategy, but then reverted to aggregate measures (e.g., males 1 to ) when building its spending plans for its largest brand Brand A. As a result, its marketing failed to address two separate bottlenecks for two distinct customer segments. The product was not widely available in hip bars among the "vanguard" customer segment (which represented the largest economic potential), while the brand's image was becoming too exclusive for customers among the brand's other target segment, "frat boys."To identify which bottlenecks to tackle, it is helpful to (1) compare how well, versus the key competitor, the brand's key segment customers are progressing from awareness through consideration and trial to loyalty, and () understand the profitability potential of these key segment customers. Competitive gaps along this customer decision funnel can be valued using simple assumptions.Leverage the brand's distinctive "drivers." After you have used the bottleneck analysis to zero in on the greatest financial opportunity, you must identify the potential "brand drivers" that can remove the bottleneck. Brand drivers are attributes of the brand's equity that are highly valued by customers and distinctive versus competitors. Focused spending on drivers leverages the brand's differentiating attributes to remove bottlenecks and provides a sustainable means of growing profitability. When attempting to remove a bottleneck, a marketer will get the greatest leverage from every dollar spent if the plans are built on a foundation of brand drivers (i.e., the brand attribute that, if enhanced, is most likely to improve overall brand preference). Exhibit Brand Bottlenecks are Overcome Quickest When MarketingSpending Leverages Brand Drivers Beer Company ExampleSource Mckinsey Marketing Reports. Concentrate on Power Brand Concentrating on key profitable brands in the company's product mix helps it to hive off unnecessary costs incurred in supporting a weak brand in terms of promotion and distribution. It prevents the stronger brands from being pulled down and allows the company to focus on profitable brands. HLL has selected 0 successful ‘power' brands to aggressively promote and extract value from.Says M.S.Banga, CEO HLL, "Power brands, comprising 0 specific products and brands, contribute about 80 per cent to the total revenues of the company. It made sense for us to concentrate on these products and extract more out of them. The idea is to increase profitability and not merely profits and sales."HLL has increased expenditure on advertising by 0 per cent in the second quarter of last year to popularize its power brands. This reflected directly on the sales. Personal products segment grew 1.8 per cent, spearheaded by a 4-per cent rise in the sales of shampoo. Surpassing market expectations, HLL posted a 7-per cent topline growth and a 14-per cent bottomline growth for the quarter ended 0 September 001. Even though the FMCG sector has seen hardly any growth in the current year but the power brands continue to dominate their respective categories and show impressive results. . Identifying Unsatiated needs of Consumers in a product categoryProduct-market segments should be chosen keeping in view the aggressive stance being aimed at. The segments to be targeted are those where the firm already has a toehold but the current share is relatively low, competitors are weak and not likely to retaliate fast, the size of the segment's profit pool is still large and where incremental efforts and investments will lead to disproportionate payoffs. Similarly, for making a low-cost, rapid entry into a new business area, product-market segments should be so chosen where opportunities exist to use currently under-exploited capabilities and resources and where options are available to make a low-cost, rapid entry through, say, Mergers & Acquisitions. During an economic slowdown, it is not unusual to find many opportunities of such a kind, and organizations aiming for rapid growth should perceive an economic slowdown as an opportunity to acquire high-quality assets or businesses which are badly managed by existing management groups. FMCG major, Hindustan Lever Limited (HLL), decided to storm the hair colour market, currently dominated by LOreal. HLL launched its Sunsilk pro-Colour range of seven exciting hair colours. The USP, as claimed by the company, is that the product is specially suited for the dark Indian hair and skin tones. Having established a high market share with the Sunsilk brand in the beauty shampoo market, HLL is extending this brand on to its new product range, given the association with haircare and beauty.At the same time the leading brands have to be alert and should not take pre-recession equations for granted. They might reinvent their value proposition to strengthen their leadership. The falling prices provide an opportunity to undertake capital projects and launch campaigns at relatively lower prices. During the last recession, Intel was able to get a chip-fabrication plant built at a very favorable price and initiated the `Intel Inside marketing campaign. It finally ended with dramatically high profits.4. Focused advertising and promotionsThe promotion has to be more focused today, in terms of content and target, for a number of reasons. First, the fragmentation of media channels is occurring at a rate faster than media spending. This means more focused advertising is needed to make it really relevant to the target audience and making it cost effective. Second, for premium customers, the snob value of a premium product goes up because of the economic spending around. Hence a well-targeted promotion is likely to be more successful, provided you have chosen your customers carefully. Third, although the advertising costs have gone down, the incidence to purchase has plummeted further for most products, making advertising cost ineffective. Hence when targeting the non-premium buyers, the stress should be on offering more tangible benefits to increasing the incidence of purchase. The reason is that the value-demanding buyer would buy a product more because of what it delivers in terms of price/cost rather than how he feels about the product or so. But between advertising and promotions, one has to choose more of promotions. Brand building will be taken care of some level of advertising and building the product value.Recession is the ideal time for the deals and promotions. They can offer more value to the customer, and also enable the organizations to bounce back to their original prices once the expediency has passed. We refer to the example of The Taj Group of hotels with has given a bundle of extra benefits at no extra costs to attract tourists. The Taj group has over the past year made a conscious decision to focus on the domestic traveler. "Many Indians plan just one holiday a year. With our attractive holiday packages, we are making it easier for them take more holidays," says Jamshed Daboo, chief operating officer of the Taj's leisure hotels. The Taj's leisure hotels division has laid out a slew of offers and vacation packages that will gladden the heart of any traveler. "Normally we would not have such offers during our prime business season; this is essentially because of the crisis. Our offers are not discounts as much as value additions. We are giving more for the same amount." On offer are special winter holiday tours, value-added packages and a distinctive scheme for singles.5. Aggressive MarketingDuring an economic slowdown characterized by depressed sentiments, conservatism and risk-aversion among consumers, firms and investors at large, firms having a long-term strategic intent to build market power will find the aggressive stance as the best mode to achieve their objective. As the rest of the firms of the industry become risk-averse to undertaking new initiatives, follow a wait-and-watch policy (a symptom of pessimism and conservatism), take defensive stances and go on the back foot to consolidate the current position, aggressive firms will see the slowdown as an opportunity and invest in new products, markets, capabilities and value propositions when the rest of the industry is cutting back in these areas. Recession, is a time of easy pickings for the astute marketer. Just as Black Tuesday was an opportunity for the smart investor to pick up great stocks at throw away prices. Because competitors spend less, it is possible to increase share of voice even by maintaining advertising spending. As advertising budgets crumble, advertising rates soften. So, maintaining advertising spend on the brand would mean increased advertising exposure. TV viewing habits also change during a downturn. Consumers adopt a "fortress mentality" and tend to stay at home and watch TV. News program ratings go up. So, with an identical media plan, audience delivery is likely to be higher during a crisis. Figure1 shows that those who cut advertising tended to have better profitability during the recession. This is to be expected, because the saving in advertising expenditure went straight into the bottom line of these companies during the recession year. However, the picture changes when you look at Figures , which pertain to the phase of recovery. During recovery phase the companies that increase ad spending came out as winners both in terms of profitability and market shares. This study proves conclusively that increasing communication during recession will yield long-term dividend in terms of profitability and market shares - the two key indicators of brand building.Keep the advertisements you know are already working but also find new media for inexpensive advertising, such as directories, classified ads...even bulletin boards and car windshields. This may be the time to start your e-mail newsletter, if many of your clients are online. Reach people in their homes and businesses with well-written, carefully targeted sales letters, postcards, self-mailers, newsletters and event flyers. For e.g. in an e-business situation a concept of Affiliate Marketing i.e. a program where a merchant pays a commission to an affiliate for generating clicks, leads, or sales from a graphic or text link located on the affiliates site. It leads to a Win - Win Situation where the merchants gain desired actions or consumer sales and the Affiliates earn money.6. Brand acquisitions and product extensionsRecession provides a reason as well as an opportunity to extend the product line or fill up the product portfolio or to gain market share. In the pursuit of offering a new value proposition, new product mixes can be created. This will complete the product portfolio and enable the organization to cater to different customer groups thus enlarging its net. It is the opportune time for acquiring brands. Acquiring brands can help in completing ones product portfolio, or build market share through access to new regions or new products. Given the pressure on income, some lower end consumers would be forced to downgrade to cheaper alternatives. It is an opportunity to launch a value brand. Companies who add a cheaper value brand to their portfolio during a recession manage to keep most of the down-trading consumers within their fold. Unilever launched a value detergent brand (named Surf) in Indonesia during recession and managed to build a brand with 1% market share within two years. In Thailand a new beer called Chang was successfully launched during the recession. It was a good quality beer at half the price of the market leader. For firms planning growth through entry into new areas, an acquisition-led entry strategy will be the logical route to build a toehold in the new segment(s). Once the entry has been made, the right approach will include exploiting all possible synergies that can be achieved between the assets of existing businesses and those available with the newly acquired unit7. Building brand image and loyalty"Building customer loyalty is not a way out of recession but it's a way back to better than normal prosperity". Like a friend in need, an organization should address the customer needs in the time of recession by cutting costs or offering higher value. Again, the Taj group of hotels, by offering a slew of extra benefits along with its standard package at no extra cost, intends to do just that, while the Singapore Airlines has successfully repositioned itself as the airline of choice for its most profitable customers with its services to them.Reactivating the Dormant clientsGoing through the card files, address book or cancelled account list and phoning or sending a letter to former clients to let them know of new products or services added that could be of help to them are small but effective ways of creating brand loyalty. A disciplined marketing approach helps people in need find the company when they need it.Another way to reactivate dormant accounts is through Referrals. These are a tremendous source of additional sales. Writing to all existing clients offering them an incentive or special discount for introducing people to business or practice may increase the number of referred business. Better yet, offering the new, introduced clients a special not-available, any-other-time deal will increase the response. Special events like celebration lunch, free seminar, etc. are endless opportunities to maintain the existing customer base and even reactivating dormant clients.The entire argument is based upon the concept of Relationship Marketing where the customer treated as a partner in the organization's activities and value is created through a long-term relationship. For e.g. Harley Davidson offers free one year membership to first time buyers which includes benefits like discount hotel rates, theft reward service, special insurance program, etc.III ConclusionThus, the strategic model that we have developed can be summarized through the following diagram These strategies are certainly recommended to be pursued during the life-time of an organization but with special emphasis during recessionary times.

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Information system

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Information SystemsAn information system, by its name, is a system whose aim is to collect, store and maintain data generated by the system in order to process it into accurate and timely information according to the needs of the system users. A cross-section of a typical information system reveals that it consists of People (60%), Equipment (10%) and Procedures (0%). They can be Manual, Computerised, or a combination of both.Manual Info Systems consist of filing cabinets, index cards, ledger books, tables of values, plus accessories such as pens, papers, calculators etc. They tend to be the simplest to set up and use, but have many limitations. These include - storing data more than once (which can lead to errors), being slow to find things, only simple searches can be made, data can be lost or mis-placed, mistakes can be made during the human processing of data.

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Computerised Info Systems usually consists of a database, sometimes a spreadsheet. A File Management System (eg Works) manages one set of data (called a file) at a time. A Relational DataBase Management System (DBMS) such as Access can handle multiple tables (sets) of linked data.Both types of systems have people who are System Users - employees of a firm who use (or run part of) the information system as part of their daily work - an example being bank tellers; and Clients - people for whom the system was devised - for instance, bank account holders.Information SystemsAn information system, by its name, is a system whose aim is to collect, store and maintain data generated by the system in order to process it into accurate and timely information according to the needs of the system users. A cross-section of a typical information system reveals that it consists of People (60%), Equipment (10%) and Procedures (0%). They can be Manual, Computerised, or a combination of both.Manual Info Systems consist of filing cabinets, index cards, ledger books, tables of values, plus accessories such as pens, papers, calculators etc. They tend to be the simplest to set up and use, but have many limitations. These include - storing data more than once (which can lead to errors), being slow to find things, only simple searches can be made, data can be lost or mis-placed, mistakes can be made during the human processing of data.Computerised Info Systems usually consists of a database, sometimes a spreadsheet. A File Management System (eg Works) manages one set of data (called a file) at a time. A Relational DataBase Management System (DBMS) such as Access can handle multiple tables (sets) of linked data.Both types of systems have people who are System Users - employees of a firm who use (or run part of) the information system as part of their daily work - an example being bank tellers; and Clients - people for whom the system was devised - for instance, bank account holders.Classifying Organizations by System TypeMost companies can be described using the classification scheme in Table 1.. For example, a janitorial company that cleans offices after business hours most likely represents a simple, stable system because there is a constant and fairly steady need for its services. A successful computer manufacturing company, however, is typically complex and dynamic because it operates in a changing environment. If a company is nonadaptive, it may not survive very long. Many of the early computer companies, including Osborne Computer, which manufactured one of the first portable computers, and VisiCorp, which developed the first spreadsheet program, did not change rapidly enough with the changing market for computers and software. As a result, these companies did not survive. On the other hand, IBM was able to reinvent itself from a manufacturer of large, mainframe computers to a manufacturer of all classes of computers and a software and services provider.System Performance and StandardsSystem performance can be measured in various ways. Efficiency is a measure of what is produced divided by what is consumed. It can range from 0 to 100 percent. For example, the efficiency of a motor is the energy produced (in terms of work done) divided by the energy consumed (in terms of electricity or fuel). Some motors have an efficiency of 50 percent or less because of the energy lost to friction and heat generation.Efficiency is a relative term used to compare systems. For example, a gasoline engine is more efficient than a steam engine because, for the equivalent amount of energy input (gas or coal), the gasoline engine produces more energy output. The energy efficiency ratio (energy input divided by energy output) is high for gasoline engines when compared with that of steam engines.Effectiveness is a measure of the extent to which a system achieves its goals. It can be computed by dividing the goals actually achieved by the total of the stated goals. For example, a company may have a goal to reduce damaged parts by 100 units. A new control system may be installed to help achieve this goal. Actual reduction in damaged parts, however, is only 85 units. The effectiveness of the control system is 85 percent (85 / 100 = 85%). Effectiveness, like efficiency, is a relative term used to compare systems.Efficiency and effectiveness are performance objectives set for an overall system. Meeting these objectives may involve trade-offs in terms of cost, control, and complexity.Evaluating system performance also calls for the use of performance standards. A system performance standard is a specific objective of the system. For example, a system performance standard for a particular marketing campaign might be to have each sales representative sell $100,000 of a certain type of product each year (Figure 1.5a). A system performance standard for a certain manufacturing process might be to have no more than 1 percent defective parts (Figure 1.5b). Once standards are established, system performance is measured and compared with the standard. Variances from the standard are determinants of system performance. Achieving system performance standards may also require trade-offs in terms of cost, control, an www.happy.com

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Mrs dalloway

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The extraordinary adaptation to screen of Virginia Woolfs acknowledged masterpiece, Mrs. Dalloway, is the end result of a collaborative effort by some the finest talents of our time, including Oscar-winner Vanessa Redgrave in the title role; Marleen Gorris (Academy Award-winning Dutch film, ANTONIAS LINE) as director; and Eileen Atkins, award-winning actress and co-creator of the popular British television series, Upstairs, Downstairs and House of Eliot, as screenwriter. Atkins has recently focused her energies on giving dramatic life to Virginia Woolfs literary legacy, appearing as Woolf, both off-Broadway and on tour, in her one-woman show, A Room of Ones Own; adapting and reading Woolfs diaries for a five-part BBC radio series; and starring as Virginia Woolf on Broadway in 14 in her own play, Vita and Virginia, with Vanessa Redgrave as Vita Sackville-West, Woolfs inspiration for Orlando. MRS. DALLOWAY is a romantic drama with deep psychological insight into the world of urban English society in the summer of 1, five years after the end of World War I. During the course of a single June day, Clarissa Dalloway (Redgrave), a fashionable perfect hostess in her early fifties, confronts the decisions she made as a vibrant young woman thirty years before. She wonders if she was right to have chosen a safe, comfortable marriage to successful politician Richard Dalloway over the more romantic and adventurous life she could have had with her other suitor, Peter Walsh, who unexpectedly returns from India on this day of all days. Her emotions range from exultation during her morning walk down Bond Street (What a lark! What a plunge!) to introspection and confusion over her encounter with Peter, to irritation over her daughters seemingly inexplicable friendship with the dowdy religious fanatic, Miss Kilman. And finally, she empathizes with a complete stranger, Septimus Warren Smith, whose shell-shocked madness and final gesture of despair intrude upon her evenings gaiety with the sobering reality of a memento mori. For, his destiny--though they never meet--strikes a melancholy chord of truth deep in her soul that she cannot deny. MRS. DALLOWAY co-stars Natascha McElhone (THE DEVILS OWN and SURVIVING PICASSO) as the passionate young Clarissa of 180; Rupert Graves (A ROOM WITH A VIEW, THE MADNESS OF KING GEORGE, DIFFERENT FOR GIRLS, INTIMATE RELATIONS) as Septimus Warren Smith, the shell-shocked war veteran; Michael Kitchen (ENCHANTED APRIL, OUT OF AFRICA) as the older Peter Walsh; Alan Cox (AN AWFULLY BIG ADVENTURE, YOUNG SHERLOCK HOLMES) as the young Peter in 180; and Lena Headey (REMAINS OF THE DAY) as Clarissas young friend Sally, who intends to lead a Bohemian life but turns up at Clarissas party as Lady Rosseter--played by Sarah Badel--a thoroughly happy, upper middle-class matron.

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Produced by Lisa Katselas Par and Stephen Bayly (producers of the Academy Award-nominated RICHARD III), executive produced by Chris J. Ball, William Tryer, Simon Curtis and Bill Shepherd, and co-produced by Hans de Weers (producer of the Oscar-winning ANTONIAS LINE), MRS. DALLOWAY is directed by Marleen Gorris from a screenplay by Eileen Atkins. First Look Pictures will release MRS. DALLOWAY in February, 18. bkjhj

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The Federal Reserve Bank

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The Federal Reserve Bank (Fed) was created to reduce the risk of a repeat of the financial panics that occurred in the United States before its creation in 11. The official objective of the Fed is to ensure the financial strength and stability of the nation's banking system. The Fed regulates and examines the nation's depository institutions to reach its objective. Also, it serves as a central bank that cashes checks drawn on the Treasury Bank, places currency into circulation and initiates fund transfers between depository institutions. The Fed splits the country into twelve districts, each of which is served by a separate district office of the Fed.

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The New York Federal Reserve Bank (FRBNY), employing over three-thousand people, serves all of the state of New York, northern New Jersey, a part of Connecticut, and all of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. While geographically serving the smallest area compared to most other Fed banks, FRBNY processes the most assets and has the largest volume of activity of any of the banks.

In addition to its main office, the FRBNY also has a branch office in Buffalo, and two regional offices one in Utica, NY and one in East Rutherford, NJ. Both regional offices are charged with handling check clearing for their respective geographical areas. Between the two offices, they process 5.6 million checks per day. When a check is presented for deposit at a depository institution, the bank deposits the check usually at its regional Fed office or local branch. FRBNY is the largest user of two types of electronic funds transfer payment systems (EFT). One system, Fedwire, transfers large payments between Fed offices, depository institutions and government agencies. Last year, the Fedwire system transferred $1.5 trillion per day in funds and $760 billion in securities, with the vast majority of those transactions originating from the New York Fed. The other transfer payment system is called Automated Clearing House (ACH) and is used to reduce the use of paper checks. These systems are typically used for automatically paying bills, direct deposit of payroll and Social Security checks and other routine payments. In 1, ACH processed 4.8 billion transactions worth $14 trillion. Of that, the New York Fed processed $ trillion.Located five stories below street level at the FRBNY, there exists $75 billion dollars worth of gold and hundreds of billions of dollars more in securities. The vault at the FRBNY contains the largest concentration of gold in the world, and amounts to one-quarter of the world's gold supply. It is also the only Fed bank that is permitted to have gold in its possession.

The New York Federal Reserve Bank is distinct from the other reserve banks in that it is the only bank that intervenes in foreign exchange (FX) markets. While it is rare that the Fed intervenes, it is done to counter disorderly international market conditions. In the last seven years, the bank has only intervened twice. The role that the New York bank plays is that it is responsible for actually executing the FX interventions.

Also making the New York bank distinct is that it conducts open market operations. To reach its objectives of monetary policy, it buys and sells government securities in the open or "secondary" market. This adjusts the level of reserves that the bank holds, so that the Fed can either help or hold back the current shift of funds in the market. For the short-term, this helps the interest rate and the monetary supply.

The New York Federal Reserve Bank acts on behalf of the central Fed to provide services to over 00 foreign banks, central governments and international official economic institutions. Among these services is the cashing of checks drawn on US dollars in foreign countries. Since the foreign banks have accounts at the Fed, the New York Fed credits the accounts of the foreign banks for the amount of the check. The New York Fed was involved in $10 million of funds transfers for foreign accounts.The bank holds over $800 billion in currency and securities and gold for foreign banks and governments. In addition, the bank holds, at no charge to the institution, $64 billion in gold for foreign banks and governments. The FRBNY has assets of over $61 billion dollars, consisting mostly of US Government securities. Its liabilities total $57 billion, most of that being Federal Reserve notes.

Currently there is $55 billion of US currency in circulation. Interestingly, the majority of the American cash in circulation is not in America. The process of putting cash into circulation involves the Fed distributing the cash to depository institutions, which further distribute the cash to its customers via withdrawals. The banks pay for the cash that they receive from the Fed out of their reserve account with the Fed.

When currency in circulation makes its way back to the Fed, it is processed by a high-speed currency processor. For the FRBNY, this processor is located at the East Rutherford Operations Center. In 17, 45% of all notes received by EROC were destroyed. Typical reasons for destroying notes include suspected counterfeit money, worn money and old bills (such as $100 bills being replaced by new-style bills). The typical life span of a $1 bill is 18 months, due to its more frequent use compared to the $100 bill, which lasts years.

The Federal Reserve's initial task of maintaining the strength and stability of the nation's banking system continues through the day. During the current economic recession, the Federal Reserve Bank has and will continue to use its economic regulatory powers to help the economy pull out of the recession smoothly.

Bibliography1) Welcome to the New York Fed. Federal Reserve Bank of New York. 0 August 001. http//www.ny.frb.org/introduce/) The Key to the Gold Vault. Federal Reserve Bank of New York. 7 May 1. http//www.ny.frb.org/pihome/addpub/goldvaul.pdf) Statement of Condition of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. Federal Reserve Bank of New York. November 001. http//www.ny.frb.org/pihome/statistics/st.txt

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Internet censorship

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By Will Wentworth Internet Censorship There is a growing debate about censoring the internet. Some people think that the internet is protected under the first ammendment and cannot be censored. Others think that some of the material that is on the net needs to be filtered and regulated. The word censorship is defined as examining any material and prohibiting what is objectionable, according to Webster's II dictionary. Censoring the internet is a violation of the first ammendment rights of every citizen in the United States. There are two general truths that some people feel are attitudes towards censoring the internet. The first is that very few people admit to favoring it. The second is that no matter who you are, in a matter of minutes spent surfing the net almost anyone can find something that they find to be offensive. In fact, some web surfers feel that the truly inappropriate things are inspired by one's own religion. For example, the Nurenberg Files website showed pictures of mangled fetuses with the photograph, name, and address of some abortion clinic doctors. If someone were to kill one of the doctors then an ‘X' was put over their picture. This site may not harm a child, but it seems that the focus today is on what is inappropriate for the child to see. What about the adults? A site like this "clearly acts to corrupt and deprave the adults who take it seriously" (Brown 48). Another reason for not censoring the internet is the psychological effects that it can have on a child. The filtering of the internet can tell a child that adults do not trust them to surf the net on their own. This can lead them to believe that they can not make their own decisions, and that a computer determines what right and wrong is. These filters also give off the impressions that the communities are unsafe and the school officials have not got the know how to do their job. Many teachers try to teach their students responsibility. This can be done in many ways, one of which is through the internet policy in our schools. By not censoring the internet and trusting children to make the right decisions they can get a boost of self-esteem that so many children need these days (Nellen 5). The filtering devices can obstruct a teacher in their quest to teach their students. For example, Ted Nellen wanted to use to obtain some information on the AIDS virus to help him teach his class. He tried to get information of the internet at the school he teaches at and found that to be impossible because the filtering devices that were installed worked (Nellen 5). Another question that needs to be asked is who are the people that are determining whether a site should be filtered or not? Just because they find something offensive does not mean that there is not some one out there who would find the site unoffensive. These people can filter what is put on the internet, so what is stopping them from doing this sort of thing in other areas of American culture. Filtering the internet is not the answer to the problem. Children and adults should be educated on what is right and wrong on the internet and not treated like they are criminals (Nellen 5). The software that is available for the purpose of internet filtering and blocking has been able to block out certain web sites, but the web is always changing and the software is outdated so fast that censoring that way is not worth it. Another way to censor is to leave it up to the internet server. Even they cannot keep up with the growing number of sites and monitor each and every one. These undesirable sites are not easily found unless a specific word is typed in as a search engine or if the web site is known. However, those who are for censoring the internet all have the same argument, which is that the obscene sites will cause some kind of unacceptable behavior that will lead to violence. They feel the software is a good thing even though it becomes obselete within a short period of time. When a person subscribes to an internet provider they are receive with a few services. The first one is the use web itself. The user can see postings made by the internet provider or by other people. A user can access any website he or she wants as long as they know the website's address. Another option that internet users have is the ability to send messages across the web to another person by sending them an e-mail. E-mail is included in most internet servers' packages. The last major service that the internet provides is Usenet News. Usenet News is where all the issues of today are discussed by internet users. These kinds of things are what some critics want to censor. E-mail is just like using the telephone and phone calls are not censored, so the internet should not be either. If the whole story cannot be presented on the internet then the Usenet News is useless because no one can get all the facts. The web itself is where advertisements and offers take place and the only way to find these offensive sites is to type in a key word that a child must already know. On the internet a user can put up signs, banners, ads, displays, etc. of anything they want. The press always uses the first ammendment as their justification for what they do and the internet users should also receive the same benefits from the first ammendment as the reporters do. There are three main ways that the attempt to block obscene sites from children. The first is software that goes through a list of offensive sites and if the one using the computer feels the site is inappropriate then the software will block the site. The second is software that looks for words that could be connected to pornography or violence and chooses when to deny access to the site. The last one is provided by the internet server and blocks out portions of the site that are inappropriate (The Economist 84). However, there are new sites popping up all the time and the software cannot keep up with the growing number of sites. Children can just type in any word and get a whole list of sites related to that topic. In some cases the blocking of anything to do with that topic can prove to be anything but helpful. For example, America Online's word-screening software caused a forum on cancer to be shut down because the word "breast" was mentioned. The White House web site was shut off because the word couple was mentioned (The Economist 84). In addition, net minders like Surf Watch have no official watcher to tell the users what sites are being blocked. Surf Watch seems to be the leader in the struggle to keep inappropriate sites away from the eyes of children. The installation is easy for anyone, even the computer illiterate. Surf Watch will block up to sixteen categories in four main categories which are violence and hate speech, gambling, sexually intended items, and illegal drugs and alcohol. Search Watch will not allow any search engines that are considered sexually explicit. At the present time some of these net watchers are not free and some people do not want to pay the money to own one. A simple solution to the idea of censoring the internet for everyone with a computer to be given one of these net watchers free with the purchase of a computer. The government has a good reason to be involved with the controlling access operation because As networked digital communications become more prevalent, consumers will be faced with justifying the purchase of a PC and modem or computer-powered television. If that purchase comes with the added cost of access-control software, theres an inherent disincentive to embrace interactive technologies (Ratcliffe 16). As long as the system allows the computer owner to change his or her list of inappropriate sites, then it does not violate the first ammendment right. In order to make this access control system available threre are a few simple things that must be done. First, the access control API would need to be available for all the web browsers and microsoft and apple computers. An ambitious company could promote the API as freeware and allow for the option of add ons to this free piece of software. However there is a problem, getting support for such a plan. Using the International Telecommunications Union the United Nations could get a global license to this kind of technology and distribute it through the International Telecommunications Union for an annual cost. After this was all squared away the individual countries could decide what needs to be installed and how to download additions to the program (Ratcliffe 16). A solution to this problem was presented in Paris in May of 16. The meeting was attended by a plethora of internet and computer firms. They decided that self-rating was the way to go when it came to preventing the children from seeing inappropriate sites. The Platform for Internet Content Selection was the name given to this idea and it allows internet providers to put a rating on their contents using software that runs on either the users on computer or doing it through the internet provider, which is more difficult to get around. This allows for people to write what they want on the internet, but what they write may not be seen as appropriate and will be blocked (The Economist 84). Another argument for censoring the internet is the pornographic sites that are easily accessible can cause children to view things that are inappropriate. In 16 President Clinton signed the Telecommunications Act which included the Communications Decency Act. The Communications Decency Act was intended to protect young children from those sites which are not in their best interests to see (Lewis 114). However, there are problems with this law. The Telecommunications Act of 16 does not successfully get the job done. Any child can still find material that is not meant for them to see. The act says that adults can communicate using any words they want to as long they are careful not to be accused of harassment. These words and phrases can seem sexual to one person, but just casual conversation to another. The laws that were made to protect minors from offensive material are very unclear. The term "indecent" that was used in items aimed at protecting adults as well as children is unconstitutionally vague (Sjoerdsma 01).Lewis says It is also stupid, because it assumes that Congress can regulate an international computer network that is percent private and that is composed of users who are more than 50 percent non-American. It assumes it can outsmart my two teenagers technologically, and it is offensive because it assumes that the Government can provide a better moral compass for my kids than my wife and I are already providing (84). Lewis feels that the best way to prevent inappropriate material from being viewed on the internet is to make all the users identifiable (Lewis 84). This idea may work for a while, but false identifications can be entered and if that is said to be impossible all anyone has to do is look at all the under twenty-one people who have id's saying they are twenty-one. It would only be a matter of time before fake id's would be available for internet use. Edwin Diamond said "It doesn't take a magnifying glass to find hard-core pornography on the Internet...and since many youngsters can navigate circles around their elders on the Net, some adults are in near panic" (Diamond 0). Pornography is defined as material, films, printed matter, or devices dealing with sexual poses or acts considered indecent by the public. Pornography is censored in almost every form of communication. Movies, books, and even stores that specialize in sexual toys, movies, and magazines are being censored in this day and age in stores that make a profit from selling sexual material. Pornography is not something that a user justs happens to discover. The pornographic sites need to be triggered by a key word typed into the search engine. Children who find these sites have to have some knowledge of the topic of sex in order to type in a word that would lead to a sexual site. Of course there are accidental discoveries of these sites, but any further exploration is done by the user. Many people want to regulate these sites, but they do not realize the amount of money it costs or the time it involves in order to effectively censor the net. Moreover, studies have been conducted that show that pornography is represents only a small portion of the entire internet traffic. Steve Lloyd feels regulation of the net is not very practical because "It's virtually impossible to regulate the net because of the global nature of this communications device. It would mean monitoring every phone call into the Internet which is impossible to do" (). The internet was designed to be able to operate under any condition. The internet service providers have found it very costly to censor portions of newsgroups without blocking the whole site. Pornography is a very miniscule amount of the internet user's interest (Gidari). Gidari feels that internet regulation is a futile thought because Anything as massive as the global system of interconnected networks that is the internet can not be "regulated" in any meaningful manner. The very nature of the internet precludes its effective regulation. It was designed to be a self-healing network of diverse platforms capable of opreating under the most adverse of conditions - nuclear holocaust" (Gidari). If what Albert Gidari says is true then the internet can not be censored because that would defeat the whole purpose of its creation. The following editorial appeared in the Knight Ridder Tribune News Service. These articles are right on the money as to why the internet should not be censored. Here is the first article in part Knowledge at the fingertips. Thats the charm of the Internet, the global network of computers that allows anyone with the capability, even a grade-schooler, to tap into vast pools of information at any time.The Internet, indeed, may be the closest society has come yet to free and equal access to information for all. The relative ease of access is also the Internets bane. There is no telling the range of information one could be exposed to or the nature of activities one could be drawn into, knowingly or unknowingly. With children, controlling what they see once they are on-line becomes a problem as well. Pornography on computer networks and unsavory characters on chat lines have garnered much attention, but consider the three eighth-graders arrested recently for allegedly plotting to bomb their junior high school in the Syracuse area of New York. They gained information on materials and how to build the bombs from the Internet, and police say they were serious about following through. They had set off a test bomb in a field behind an elementary school. As has been pointed out many times, an interested person could gather the same information from a public library. True enough, but space and money preclude public libraries from stocking every piece of available information. The process of selection, based on the principle of community standards and needs, imposes some limitation. Global computer networks bypass even such minimal limitation. Being plugged into the global network is a release from traditional barriers to knowledge, and with the vast pools of information come multitudes of opportunities for misuse. Computer-inspired pranks and outright crime, from murder to fraud, are as likely as the potential for beneficial use. As the network industry matures, incidents such as the youngsters bomb plot will continue to invite serious efforts to reduce abuses. Provisions in the new telecommunications bill such as the ban against pornography and indecent material directed at minors are one form of response. In a free system such as the Internet, however, monitoring data from computers worldwide may be next to impossible, and strict content regulation would destroy the freedom that gives the Internet its value. Personal computers have brought global links down to individual levels. In time, from their very usage, new technologies generate new levels of public awareness and their own standards of use consistent with the constitutional rights of all users. In that vein, the markets response in developing software allowing parents or operators to block access to certain services is most reasonable and practical. The only guarantee against egregious abuse of the global computer networks, in the end, is a well-developed ethic of personal responsibility, in which users and those who provide the services are mindful of the potential for mischief (Knight Ridder 1). This article was provided as a way of showing the reader why the internet should not be censored. The solution is not in censoring the internet, but in teaching children what the difference between right and wrong is. Like the article says "In a free system such as the Internet, however, monitoring data from computers worldwide may be next to impossible, and strict content regulation would destroy the freedom that gives the Internet its value" (Knight Ridder 1). The second article is also pro internet freedom as well. Here is the article to clarify any misconceptions about this paper's purpose Like the Maytag repairman in the TV commercials, Congress is itching to fix something that isnt broken the Internet and online services. As part of the vast new telecommunications bill, both House and Senate are on the brink of making it a federal crime to expose minors to naughty words or pictures in cyberspace. Double-clicking the ``send icon could become a dangerous act. Jail terms and huge fines would be slapped on anyone caught ``knowingly transmitting indecent material to minors, or to any freely accessible area of a computer network. Reports from the online front indicate that dirty talk and sexually graphic images are far less prevalent, or available, than the recent congressional lather on the topic would lead you to believe. In fact, the glossy mags behind the counter at any convenience store are probably more accessible to the young. So far, though, nothing has served to turn back this movement. Never mind that the Justice Department insists existing laws are adequate to combat illegal pornography, in whatever form. Never mind that, given the global nature of the Internet, any attempt to enforce a national standard of decency is doomed. Never mind that the whole push to set federal government up as cyber-censor runs contrary to the prevailing philosophy Get intrusive federal bureaucrats off the backs of citizens and trust in the magic of the free market to solve problems. The maddening thing is this is one case where the profit motive ``is riding to the rescue. Ever since the alarms first went up, the software industrys wizards have been churning out programs that enable adults to monitor and block objectionable material. Not even a flaming _ e-mail parlance for a tongue-lashing _ from House Speaker Newt Gingrich has made much difference. Like many folks, Speaker Gingrich regards the congressional crackdown on the online world as an assault on every citizens basic right to free discourse. Over the summer and in recent weeks, it appeared the House would recommend far less intrusive measures than the Senate. But the push for more reasonable steps such as online warning signs has faltered. What hope is there of keeping cyberspace as free as possible? A presidential veto would be the quick way; court cases and the inevitable discovery that the harsh restrictions just arent enforceable would be the long, costly way. It would be better if a public outcry convinced Congress now that its attempts to curb Net-surfing are about as foolish as ordering the waves not to come rolling in (Knight Ridder 14). The two of these articles were intended to be a supplement to the main idea of this paper. They are two examples that further show why the internet can not be censored. The obscene material found on the internet has caused some decisions to be made about what violates community standards. A private bulletin board operator in California was prosecuted in Tennessee for making some material available to a member of the Memphis community. The operator in California was found guilty by the Memphis judicial system. The jury ruled that local community were comprimised when the offensive material was made available to the postal worker from their community. Even though this sort of thing may be legal in California or on the web, the Memphis community felt that this sort of thing was inappropriate. According to Harvard Law School Professor Laurence Tribe, even with the ruling in this case "The question of community standards hasn't been adequately solved solved in any medium" (Quittner 56). The internet should not be censored. There are many other ways to solve the problem of inappropriate web sites on the internet and censorship is not the best one. Educating people on the uses and misuses of the internet is one of the best ways to filter the world wide web as well as others already mentioned. A small group of people can not be allowed to dictate to the rest of the world what they can and can not view or express on the internet. Bibliography Works Cited Brown, Andrew. "The Limits of Freedom." New Statesman. 1 February 1. 48. Diamond, Edwin. "Five Difficult Issues." Technology Review. October 15. 4-. Economist. "The Top Shelf Internet Censorship." The Economist. 18 May 16. 84. Giradi, Albert. "Bringing the Law to the Internet." Time. January 15. Knight Ridder. "Policing the Internet Can it be done without trampling individual rights?" Knight Ridder/Tribune News Serivce. February 1, 16. 1. Knight Ridder. "Time to stop push to Censor Cyberspace." Knight Ridder/Tribune News Serivce. December 14, 15. 14. Lewis, Peter. "Quixote's Network." Home Office Computing. May 16. 114. Lloyd, Steve. "Privacy and Human Rights." (Manchester University Press, 168). Nellen, Peter. "Internet Censorship is both a Menace and a Nuisance." Technology and Learning. November 18. 5. Quittner, Joshua. "Free Speech for the Net a panel of federal judges overturns the Communications Decency Act." Time. June 16. 56. Ratcliffe, Mitch. "Instead of Net censorship, let users control access." PC Week. January , 16. A16. Sjoerdsma, Ann G. "Internet Censorship, trying to make sense of it all." Knight

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