Abortion

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The Emotion Behind Abortion

In the past few years, a new question concerning abortion has surfaced. It is the the question of whether or not abortion and severe psychologicaldisorders are linked. This question has added to the controversial debate overabortion issues. Prior research has been "motivated by theory or politicalideology" (Cohen, 140). Many studies have been biased due to thepre-conceived notions and values of the researchers. Proponents andopponents of abortion have presented different arguments, backed by research,about whether or not mental health problems develop due to the decision toterminate a pregnancy. Most studies have concluded that chosen abortion is notfound to be associated with psychological disorders, but there are a few thathave found abortion to contribute to severe depression, severe guilt, suicidalthoughts, extreme anxiety, intense rage, and passivity. This constellation ofsymptoms has been called "post-abortion syndrome" (Costa, 11). Obviously,abortion is a very emotional experience due to the fact that child-bearing is aninherent part of a female's role in society. Although post-abortion syndrome mayexist, there is much evidence supporting the claim that abortion has no long termmental effects.

Almost 1 1/ million American women each year undergo this surgicalprocedure (Cozzarelli, 454). Almost half of all pregnancies are unplanned,although unwanted pregnancy is not an uncontrollable life event (Major, 587). Itis clear that women respond to abortion with a range of different reactions. Afew studies have looked at self-efficacy, social support, social conflict, andself-esteem, as these all play either a positive or negative role in coping.

Terminating a pregnancy can be a negative experience for many women. Both self-efficacy and self-esteem serve as factors in coping with negative lifeevents. Self-esteem is defined by confidence and satisfaction with oneself. In astudy conducted by Cozzarelli, Sumer, and Major (18), it is hypothesized thatwomen with a "positive model of self would report higher feelings of self-efficacy" when dealing with abortion than those with a negative model. They proposedthat self-efficacy would act as the mediator of the model of self and post-abortionadjustment. They also hypothesized that women who were secure with theirwell-being as a whole would feel that their partner was supportive. This supportthat came from the partners would act as the mediator between the effects of"mental models on post-abortion and positive well-being". Concerning socialconflict, they predicted that women with a sense of security would not sensetension and conflict with their partners and this would act as the mediatorbetween "the effects of mental models on post-abortion distress".

The 615 women who participated completed detailed questionnaires,medical history forms, and met with counselors individually and then in groups offive or six. Those who agreed to do so filled out another proceduralquestionnaire after they had gone through all other steps mentioned above. After the thirty minute recovery period, another questionnaire was handed out. Only twenty seven percent of the women showed up for their follow-up visit andwere again asked to fill out a questionnaire. Those who did not show up wereasked to mail in their follow-up questionnaire or were interviewed by acpounselor at an agreed upon place. The women who participated in thefollow-up study received twenty dollars.

The results concluded that 40% of the women felt secure, % felt fearful,1% felt dismissing, and % felt preoccupied (458). They also found that thewomen had a more "positive model of self" than of others. The model of self andself-esteem were positively correlated with post-abortion positive well-being andthey were both negatively correlated with post-abortion distress. Their studyrevealed that the women with "a positive model of self reported higher levels ofself-efficacy for coping with abortion" (45) than those with a negative one. Those women with a sense of security reported that their partners providedpositive support and together, they experienced the least conflict, which alsowas hypothesized. Thus, the results conjured that the model of self was farmore important when it comes to coping with abortion than the model of others.

Another study conducted by Major, Mueller, and Hildebrandt (185)examined two important factors that previous research had yet to explore. Theylooked to see the degree to which the pregnancy was intended, and whether ornot the woman was accompanied by her partner to the abortion clinic. Theystate that no one had examined the effect of actual physical presence of thepartner. The 47 women who participated, 8 of which were accompanied bytheir partner, all aborted using the vacuum aspiration method within the firsttrimester of their pregnancy. All the women were asked to fill out aquestionnaire, answering questions concerning the person or source of blamefor the pregnancy. They met with counselors in small groups to discuss issueslike birth control and reproduction. It was taken into account whether or not thepatient was accompanied by a partner. After the thirty minute recovery periodwas over, they were given the coping measures in small groups. The studyfollowed the same guidelines as the previous, bringing the women back for afollow-up questionnaire.

The results displayed that most of the women chose not to place theblame on "certain attribution categories" at all. Among the women, 65% did notblame another person, 4% did not blame their character, 4% did not blameany aspect of the situation, 1% did not blame chance (50). The women whochose to place the blame on an attribution category tended to place the blameon the lack of birth control availability. Those women who did blame theirpregnancy on their characters dealt with coping worse than those who did not. Thus, women who blamed themselves were more depressed, expected negativeconsequences, and were found to experience more negative moods. Contradicting to what they hypothesized though, the women who wereaccompanied by their partners to the clinic coped with the experience worsethan those who were not accompanied (5). They assumed that if the malepartner accompanied these women, there would be a better chance of copingpositively and quickly.

The study conducted by Cohen and Roth (184) follows the theory that"approach" and "avoidance" are the primary differences in coping styles. Avoidance would be characterized by avoiding the entire situation completely,for example, not talking about it or keeping oneself from getting upset when theissue is brought up. Approach would be characterized by talking about it orthinking of ways to improve the situation. Cohen and Roth feel that avoidancestrategies are useful because they reduce distress and anxiety whereasapproach strategies "allow for appropriate action and for ventilation of affect(140).

The 55 women who took part in the experiment all used the dilation andevacuation method and all of the termination's were done within the firsteighteen weeks of the pregnancy. Again, all of the women were asked to fill outquestionnaires before the abortion and five hours after the recovery period. Thetime between entering the clinic and the actual procedure, besides a pelvicexam, was spent in small groups of counseling.

Their results differed slightly from those of the studies previouslymentioned. They found that when the women entered the clinic, a large majorityfelt distressed, anxious, depressed, and reported a sense of denial. But from thetime that they entered the clinic, to the time they entered the recovery room, theirdistress decreased. In regards to their theory, they concluded that none of thewomen could be defined as either "approachers" or "avoiders". That is, none ofthe women avoided the fact of the abortion but none of them tried to improve thesituation by thinking of different ways or talking about it. They found that the useof approach strategies was associated with a decrease of anxiety (144).

Meg Gerrard (177) studied "sex guilt" among abortion patients in acollege community, which Mosher and Cross define as "a personality dispositionthat is manifested by resistance to sexual temptation, inhibited sexual behavior,or the disruption of cognitive processes in sex-related situations". Gerrardwished to understand whether or not sex guilt is related to unplannedpregnancy. She administered a sex guilt test made by Mosher (171) to a groupof abortion patients and to a group of non-pregnant, sexually active women.These two sets of scores were then compared with one another. She discoveredthat the abortion patients had significantly higher sex guilt than the non-pregnantwomen. She then broke everyone into five groups according to the methods ofcontraception, and the sex guilt scores for the women in the abortion group weremuch higher than those of the non-pregnant group. The results of her studysimply prove that abortion patients have higher sex guilt than sexually active,non-pregnant, college women (708).

Russo and Zierk (1) followed a group of women over the course ofeight years for their research. This study was unique in that it included a large,nationally representative sample of women in conducting this research. Theyexplored the question of whether or not well-being is directly related to abortionand if elapsed time since the abortion changes the correlation between the two. They conducted their study between the years of 17-187, when abortion waslegal in the United States. Interviewed were 5,5 women all between the agesof -0, while careful calculations were taken in two year intervals. The womenanswered a number of questions concerning the number of abortions they had ,their age at their first abortion, and their age at their last abortion. They werealso asked about previous pregnancies and births and whether or not they werewanted, whether or not they had children at the time, and the number ofunwanted births. Women were then asked about their well-being by agreeing ordisagreeing with statements like "I am a person of worth" and "I am as capableas others" (71).

Their results answered the questions posed earlier. They found that thewell-being of women who had abortions was not less than that of women whohad not. In fact, the self-esteem score in 187 that was calculated at the end ofthe study was higher among the women who had an abortion. They concludedthat having had one abortion was positively related to higher global self-esteem,namely feelings of self-worth, the feeling of being capable, and not feeling thatone is a failure. Concerning the women who had repeat abortions, their level ofself-esteem was lower than that level of the women who had only one abortion. Women who had more than one abortion were more likely to agree with thestatement, "I do not have much to be proud of" but their responses did not differwith those women who had never had an abortion. The lowest level ofself-esteem came from the women who had unwanted births. Thus, the fact thatpositive relationships between abortion and well-being, according to Russo andZierk, is due to women having one abortion. (74)

Research also suggests that there are a few groups of women who are ata higher risk of experiencing emotional problems before and after thetermination of a pregnancy. Those women who have previously experiencedpsychological problems are more likely to experience negative effects as well asyounger women, those who lack the steady support of a partner and of family,those whose decision-process was much more difficult, those who terminate thepregnancy farther along than suggested or those who intend to be pregnant butthen chose to abort for some reason or the other. Also, women who simply arenot emotionally stable before the abortion takes place are at a higher risk. (Major, )

In all the research I have read, there is not enough supporting evidence toconclude that women will experience negative psychological problems after thetermination of their pregnancy. Indeed, the decision is understandably difficultand the experience itself is a negative aspect of a fundamental need of womento reproduce. Directly after the procedure, there may be guilt and regret but it isalso, in most cases, quickly realized that the decision was made for a reason. The answer is still up in the air and research is still being done. In 187, thenPresident Ronald Reagan appointed C. Everett Koop, the then surgeon general,to come up with a complete report on the psychological and medical trauma ofabortion. Even he could not come up with a specific answer. "Despite a diligentreview," he stated, "the scientific studies do not provide conclusive data on thehealth effects of abortion on women" (Russo, 1). For younger girls, it may bea step towards maturity, as they are the only one's who can make the decision. In most cases, no one else is going to make it for them. For some women, itcould give them a hold on their life, a sense of control. And for many, I thinkrelief would be the after affect. Every woman is different and every woman'sexperience is going to differ, no matter what research says. I feel it is the type ofwoman you are mentally and the given situation you are in that is the decidingfactor of how well you handle the procedure of abortion.

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JOHN DELANEY CLARK

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JOHN DELANEY CLARKby David Meyers While we receive many nominations for the Columbus Senior Musicians Hall of Fame, most are for individuals well known to us, either as performers or educators (or both). Such is not the case for John Delaney Clark, though maybe it should be.Clark was born march 1, 18, in Bolivar, New York, and graduated from New Lexington (Ohio) High School in 10, having already gained recognition for his skills as a violinist and valve-trombonist (not to mention as semi-pro basketball player). He had been leading a band in the Ohio Music Hall in Zanesville for a year when the great flood of 11 destroyed the theater, and he and several of his band mates joined the Chatauqua circuit.

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Following the Red Path, as this branch of the circuit was called, to Western Canada, Clark helped serve up a mixture of culture, religion, and arts, showcasing orator Geoffrey F. Morgan on Success With Ease and a production of Gilbert and Sullivans H.M.S. Pinafore. In Medicine Hat, Alberta, in 115, Clark met and married Gertrude Evans, daughter of the mayor. The troupe, including the newlyweds, was playing Miles City, Montana, when a local citizen was murdered in front of many witnesses, yet the killer was found not guilty. This incident spurred Clarks decision to leave the wild west and return to Ohio, where he and his wife settled in Columbus.In his adopted hometown, Clark was the owner of the Columbia movie theater on East Livingston Ave. However, with the rationing of coal during World War I, he had to cut back on the operation of the theater to a few days a week. Instead, he returned to music, leading a band which played throughout the area, especially The Far East Restaurant. When radio broadcasts began, he was pleased to receive post cards from listeners such as, We heard you in Newark. Keep it up! The Kiwanis and The Columbus Dispatch were two of the sponsors for Clarks weekly shows.During the period when vaudeville was fading and the silent movies were coming on strong, Clark was the orchestra conductor at the Palace Theater, while his good friend John McGeary conducted at the Ohio Theater. He also led bands at special events ranging from the Ohio State Fair horse shows and parades to Father Petrarcass Easter Masses. Along the way, he became treasurer of the American Federation of Musicians local and taught music at Wittenberg College. However, a spiral fracture of his upper left arm, which never fully knitted, led Clark to make another career change. Taking up accounting, he eventually became business manager at the Ohio Boys Reform School in Lancaster, Ohio. Still he did not leave music entirely behind, but formed a string quartet with a cellist who also directed the Anchor Hocking Choir (then regularly featured on coast-to-coast radio).In September, 161, Clark died in Columbus. I am indebted to his eldest son, The Rev. John D. Clark of Bass River, MA, for information on his fathers life.

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The lottery

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"The Lottery" is a chilling narrative of the darkness of the human heart and mind. The story is set on a beautiful summer day, in a seemingly ordinary village. The townsfolk gather for a lottery, wherein the winner receives a prize most unusual death.Shirley Jackson makes powerful use of irony and symbolism. She describes the day as being euphoric and full of life, though it is in contrast with the atmosphere of the town and of the people gathered in the square. The lottery is officiated by Mr. Summers, whose name emphasizes the ultimate irony, as further seen when he is helped by the postmaster, Mr. Graves. It is also quite ironic that Mr. Adams, whose name suggests human feelings and desires and who was the first to bring up the topic of quitting the lottery, is also the one to first stone Tessie. The black box from which the townsfolk draw their slips of paper, is the symbol of death, as it becomes the very vehicle through which the prize of the ‘winner' is delivered. At first glance, one might see Tessie as the hero of the story, whose voice in the end professes that the lottery ‘isn't fair' and that ‘it isn't right'. As a matter of fact, Tessie is a coward, as big a coward as the people of the village were. Until her own life was in danger, she did not dare be an outcast of the community and resist the ritual. She was even willing to put her own daughters' lives on the line.

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It is truly unbelievable that these civilized people consent to something as primitive as the lottery. All the members of the community participate in this ceremony, knowing full well that one of them will soon be dead. However, they still continue to do nothing about it. But what the people of the village have been doing is playing God. They have no respect for life, as seen in the slips of paper used in the draw. They don't care if the person to be killed is a neighbor, a friend, a spouse or a son or daughter. They say it is in the name of tradition, but the truth is, unconsciously, they enjoy the killing. They relish in the power they have the power to have another's life in their hands. Yet, they believe themselves to be civilized people, with their tractors and taxes, and Halloween and square dances. But do civilized people kill for no reason? Perhaps the saddest thing in the whole story is not the senseless killing, but rather, the fact that the children, in their early age and innocence, are brought up believing that killing people in the name of ‘tradition' is proper. They are required by the ceremony to participate in a ghastly ritual of cold- blooded murder. These children, who are supposed to be the hope of the future, are shown by their parents the wrong example, as they go about killing people who are innocent, on the grounds of having drawn a paper with a dot on it. If only somebody dared speak against this atrocious ritual, he or she might have been able to open the minds of the others and let them see for themselves the horrors they are casting upon their own selves.

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Raskolnikov

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"How Christian is the poem?" asks Howell Chickering in his analysis of Beowulf. While the author of the poem was most certainly a pagan, as were most Anglo-Saxons at the time the poem was written, the recorder of the poem, a monk who had most likely heard the poem while converting the pagans to Christianity, included many of his own religious beliefs. There are many pagan rituals and beliefs represented in Beowulf, but the overall tone of the poem is very Christian. Christian nature is shown in the battle between Beowulf and Grendel, the constant failure of the pagan people, and the poem's fixation on fate.

The battle between Beowulf and Grendel is overtly Christian. Grendel "bore the curse of the seed of Cain" (65), the first murderer according to the Bible. Cain's sin of murder is all the more grievous in the setting of Beowulf, as the murder he committed was that of his brother. The Anglo-Saxons held lineage in the highest regard, and to kill one's own family would be an evil like no other. The evil of Cain's deed is reflected on to Grendel, as he is part of Cain's line, and therefore would be given the same traits in the Anglo-Saxon tradition of family. Since Grendel is the descendant of sin and evil, he himself is seen to be a sinner. Christianity is based on the resistance of sin, so Beowulf's fight against a sinner takes on a crusade-like value. If one looks at Beowulf as a Christian, it becomes apparent that the values given to him by the author of the poem takes on a very Christian overtone. In his fight against Grendel, Beowulf uses no weapons, because Grendel has none. "I scorn to slay him with sword, deal deadly wound as I well might do!" (50//510). This may be perceived as Beowulf being fair, a heroic ideal, but it could also be said that he was being just in his dealings with the monster. Justness is an ideal extolled in Christianity, and was even possessed by Christ himself. Thus, Beowulf takes on an immortal quality. He is described as "the man who was the greatest of mortal men in the strength of his might" (60//610), which may be seen as the Christian recorder of this poems' way of showing the power of good over evil, and Christians over sinners.

Before Beowulf comes to the aid of Hrothgar and his men, the Danes try to rid themselves of Grendel. The Danes "could hope for no halting of the savage assault" (11). The only person able to slay the beast proves to be Beowulf. This situation shows the ineffectiveness of the pagan Danes compared to the immediate success of Beowulf, the Christian representative. Unferth, one of Hrothgar's men, taunts Beowulf in a drunken argument. During the discussion, it becomes apparent that Unferth is merely envious of Beowulf's abilities because he himself could not protect his own kingdom. Unferth is not only a representative of the pagan culture but he is a sinner in the eyes of the Christian religion because of his envy. When Beowulf goes to fight Grendel's mother, Unferth realizes his mistake in criticizing Beowulf. He loans Beowulf his sword, but "the sword edge failed at his sorest need" (1018). The sword represents another failure by the pagans compared to a success by Beowulf. During Beowulf's fight with the dragon, "no sons of warriors aided him... They fled to the forest" (1555//1557). The cowardice of the pagan warriors shows the writer/recorder of story's contempt for the pagans. To leave one's leader is to be shamed forever in Anglo-Saxon culture. This violation of the heroic code provides a foil for Beowulf's bravery and further exemplifies him as a representative of Christianity.

Fate, the idea that one's future is predestined, is a philosophy of Christianity. Pagan cultures believed that one's actions caused one's future. The constant references to fate in the poem show it's obvious Christian slant. "Fate goes as fate must" (5)! Exclaims Beowulf, when discussing with Hrothgar the fact that he may die in his battle with Grendel. The thought that something other than one's own abilities may be responsible for the length of one's life is not an idea that would have been held by a pagan. Beowulf's acknowledgement of an outside force on his life shows the Christian influence very well. During his fight with Grendel's mother, Beowulf is referred to as "the fated warrior" (101). This description shows that the idea of fate comes not only as part of Beowulf's beliefs, but as part of the beliefs of the narrator. This allows the idea of fate to develop the plot along with the characters themselves. As Beowulf dies, he relates the end of his family to Wiglaf. "All my kinsman//fate has sent to their final doom//and I must follow" (171-171). This statement shows directly the way that fate influences the theme of all things coming to an end. Beowulf knows that he is fated to die, and the fact that he recognizes this helps to develop his Christianity and the overall Christian theme of the poem.

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The very prominent Christian ideals shown throughout the poem serve to provide more depth, as they develop character more than would have been possible had the poem contained only pagan morals. The development of the heroic code is greatly increased by the Christianity of the poem, as it shows Beowulf to be an even greater hero compared to the pagans. Christian themes provide more depth to Beowulf's battles with the monsters, as they are shown to be battles between the ultimate good and evil, God against Satan's spawn. Had Beowulf been without Christian influence, his battles would have been merely battles. The emphasis on fate contributes to the theme of all things rising and falling. The idea that all things are predestined to end eventually is a very Christian idea and Beowulf could not have been fully developed without it.

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John F. Kennedy

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John Fitzgerald Kennedy became the 5th president of the United States in 161. At the age of forty-three, he was the youngest man ever elected president. He was also the first Roman Catholic ever elected to the oval office. Rich, handsome, charming, elegant, articulate, and from a well known family, Kennedy became a natural recipiant of admiration both in the United States and abroad. His assassination in Dallas, Texas on November , 16 resulted in public outrage and widespread mourning throughout the nation and the World. Kennedys term in office was too short to allow history to pass fair and acurate judgement on his accomplishments as president. Their is little doubt, however, that the image and philosphy, he brought to the oval office not only influenced the generation he governed, but also continues to influence todays generation and politics in general. Indeed, Camelot, the name given to the idyllic time during Kennedys presidency, is not a dead mythology but a living idealogy that continues in American society today. John Fitzgerald Kennedy (he latest gained the nick name Jack) was born on May , 117, in Brookline, Massachusetts. He was Joseph & Rose Kennedys second son. His father was a multimillionaire businessman, who had became a bank president at the age of 5, and made his fortune through investments in stocks, importing, shipbuilding, and moviemaking. Joe Kennedys political experince was limited to being appointed the first chairman of the newly created Securities and Exchange Commission (14-15) by president Franklin D. Roosevelt, and having served as the head of the U.S. Maritime Commission (17), as well as being the U.S. ambassador to Great Britain (17-140). Even though Joseph Kennedy never ran for an elected office himself, he and his wife had large ambitions for their nine children. John Kennedy was groomed for a career in politics from an early age. Growing up Kennedy was small for his age and suffered through several childhood diseases. As a child he was quite and shy, a far cry from his personality traits in his later years. During his childhood his older brother Joe helped and protected him, and served as a role model for young Jack. From an early age the Kennedy children were taught by their parents that the United States had been good to the Kennedys and that whatever the U.S. did for them must be returned by some service to the country. Jack took this idea to heart. Later it became the basis for a famous line from his inaguration speach in which Kennedy said Ask not what your country can do for you -- ask what you can do for your country. In school Kennedy excelled in history and english, but was a poor speller and struggled in math and science. Kennedys sixth grade teacher noted his humor and competitive spirit. Kennedy graduated from Choate High School in Wallingford Connecticut and briefly attended Princeton University before enrolling in Harvard in 16. While attending Harvard Kennedy wrote a brilliant honors thesis on British Foreign policies in the 10s called Why England Slept, which was later published. He graduated in 140 and was voted most likely to suceed by his classmates. In 141 Kennedy entered the the U.S. Navy shortly before the United States entered World War II. Following Pearl Harbor he applied for sea duty and became the commander of PT 10, a Navy torpedo boat. In 14, while on active duty of the Pacific, the boat he commanded was rammed and sunk by the Japanese. In an act of heroism, Kennedy rescued and lead his crew ashore, but in doing so aggravated an old back injury and contracted malaria. He was discharged from the Navy in 145. Kennedy returned home to Boston from the war with a citation for valor to began persuit of the political career his parents had envisioned for him. In 146, the rich and ambitious young veteran joined the Democratic party and successfully ran for a Boston-based seat in the U.S. House of Representatives. He was reelected to the seat in 148 and 150. As a congressman Kennedy supported social legislation that benefited his working-class constituents. It was during his tenure in congress that he began to advocate a strong anti-communist foreign policy, which he continued to promote for the remainer of his life. During this time Kennedy was especially critical of what he considered a weak policy against communism, especially communist China, by president Truman. Kennedy become restless in the House and in 15 ran for the U.S. Senate. He faced a strong opponent in the form of republican incumbent senator Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr.. Although the republican presidental candidate, Dwight Eisenhower, won in Massachusetts as well as the country as a whole, Kennedy demonstrated his remarkable voter appeal by defeating Lodge. One year later, on September 1, 15, Kennedy married Jacqueline Bouvier. The couple had three children Caroline Bouvier, John Fitzgerald Jr., and a second son who died in infancy. Kennedy proved to be a relatively ineffectual senator. During parts of 154 and 155 he was seriously ill with back ailments and for that reason was unable to play an important role in government. Kennedys critics observed that he made no effort to ooppos the anti-civil-libertarian excesses of Sen. Joesph McCarthy. His friends and staff later argued that he would have voted to censure McCarthy if he had not been hospitalized at the time. During his sickness Kennedy wrote a book of biographical studies of American political heroes. It was published in 156 under the title Profiles in Courage and won a Pulitzer Prize for biography in 157. Like his earlier book on British foreign policy, the book revealed Kennedys admiration and respect for forceful politcal figures. In 156 Kennedy, with his familys input, once again decided it was time to further his political ambitions. He bid unsuccessfully for the Democratic vice-presidential nomination. Following the setback, he set his sights on the presidency, especially following his reelection to the senate in 158. He continued during these years to support a strong anti-communist foreign policy. Regarding domestic issues Kennedy was a cautious liberal, backing a compromised civil rights bill in 157. He also devoted special efforts to labor legislation. By the time of the 160 presidential election Kennedy was only one of many Democrats with aspiriations for the partys presidential nomination. During the democratic race Kennedy once again showed his political shrewdness by putting together a well-financed, highly organized campaign and won the nomination on the first ballot. In another politically clever move, as a Roman Catholic from the North, he selected Lyndon B. Johnson of Texas as his running mate in order to stregthen his weak support in the South. Kennedy faced a strong challenge from republican nominee and sitting vice-president Richard Nixon but was able to preform well in a series of television debates against Nixon, using poised and vigorous performances to win over voters. He promised tougher defense policies and progressive health, housing, and civil rights programs. He also promised to lead the nation out of economic stagnation through his New Frontier plan. Kennedy won the election by a narrow margin of 11,000 votes out of 68,800,000 cast, but had to accept reduced Democratic majorities in Congress. In 161, his first year in office, Kennedy experienced a series of political setbacks due to a series of adverse international developments. He inherited a secret plan to overthrow Fidel Castro in Cuba from the previous administration of Dwight Eisenhower. Kennedy approved an invasion of Cuba in April by refugees acting with the help of the U.S. agencies. The quick and decisive failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion resulted in personal embarrassment for Kennedy. Later in the spring Kennedy pondered sending U.S. troops into Laos, which was being threatened by Communist insurgents. He flew to Vienna in June to meet with Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev. They agreed on a neutralized Laos, but Kennedy was threathen by Khrushchevs statement that West Berlin was a bone in my throat. When the Soviet Union built a wall between the eastern and western parts of Berlin in August, Kennedy responded by sending 1,500 U.S. troops to Berlin. Cold war tensions increased when the Soviet Union sent the first man into space in April and resumed atmospheric nuclear tests in September. In the fall of 16 rumors began to circulate that nuclear-armed Soviet missiles were being set up in Cuba. In October, U.S. intelligence confirmed that middle-range missiles were being installed. After a week of secret meetings with his advisers, the president announced his plan to place a naval blockade around Cuba to prevent the arrival of more missiles. He demanded that the Soviet Union dismantle and remove the missiles that had been detected. On October 8 Khrushchev gave in to Kennedys demands and the president removed the blockade and reassured the Soviet Union that U.S. would not invade Cuba. The Soviet retreat was considered a personal and political victory for Kennedy. Kennedy further improved his foreign affairs record in 16, which would turn out to be his final year in office. In June he gave an innovative foreign policy speech calling for an end to the cold war. The U.S. and Soviet Union agreed to establish a hot line to allow communication in times of crisis. In July Kennedy worked out a nuclear test-ban treaty with the Soviet Union and Great Britain. Another Kennedy project, The Alliance for Progress, a program of aid for Latin America, was also a popular success. These accomplishments, however, were overshadowsed by the worsening situation in South Vietnam, where Kennedy had placed 17,000 U.S. military advisers to help an unstable regime fight a growing Communist movement. Kennedys wit and charm made him very popular in the U.S. as well as abroad, but it did not help him greatly with a republican majority congress. Due to the lack of democratic support in congress most of his domestic policies stalled on Capital Hill. Every president must endure a gap between what he would like and what is possible, Kennedy once remarked at a press conference. When the civil rights movement began to stregthen in 16-6 he began to actively promote civil rights legislation. He also proposed a tax cut to stimulate the economy. However, at the time of his assassination these and other programs including federal aid to education and Medicare remained tied up in congress. Kennedys successor, Lyndon Johnson, would go on to succussfully push the legislation through a more democrat friendly congress in 164-65. He had better luck with executive actions as he was able to successfully force steel companies into lowering prices in April 16 and to encourage the race to send an astronaut to the moon. Kennedy responded strongly against efforts to prevent school integration in the South. In September 16, he appealed for compliance with the law when U.S. Supreme Court ordered the University of Mississippi to accept a black student. Kennedy ordered ,000 federal troops to the campus to control riots and ensure that the order was followed. In 16 Kennedy threatened federal force to help win partial desegregation of public accommodations in Birmingham, Alabama, and of classrooms in Alabama public schools. Kennedy also asked Congress for legislation to desegregate public facilities and give the Justice Department the authority to bring school integration suits. Most of his proposals ultimately enacted, following his death, in the Civil Rights Act of 164. In the fall of 16 Kennedy began to plan his strategy for reelection. He flew around the country campaigning, using the improvements in relations between the U.S. and Soviet Union as his strongest selling point, to generally favorable public responses. On November , at 10 PM CST, Kennedy was shot in the head and spin by a sniper while riding in an open limousine through Dallas, Texas. Following the incided he was rushed to Parkland Memorial Hospital, where efforts to revive him failed. A commission headed by Chief Justice Earl Warren concluded in September 164 that the lone assassin was Lee Harvey Oswald. Oswald was captured shortly following the assassination and killed two days later by Jack Ruby. The state funeral of President Kennedy was watched on television by millions around the world. He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery where his grave is next to an internal flame in his memory. Despite the conclusion of the commission many questions and conspiracy theories still surround Kennedys death. In the history of our country no other president has captured the imaginations and hearts of Americans more so than John F. Kennedy. His charisma and flare for life in the lime light were able to far outshine his shortcomings and failures as both a person and a president. Kennedys impact on U.S. history is still felt today. Many politicans are still trying to recreate Camelot, the mystical philosphy that made John Kennedy one of the most liked and popular presidents in history. The pursuit to recreate Camelot and later the fear of a second coming of Camelot overcame one of Kennedys cheif rivals, Richard Nixon. Nixon, like everyone else in American society at the time, was fooled into buying into the idea of John Kennedy, handsome man of morals and principle, ideal family man, the personifcation of the American dream. While much of this may be true, today history shows us that Kennedy too had his shortcomings. Regardless of what the turth may be, the legacy of John Kennedy and Camelot live on today and have solidified J.F.K. as one of the most storied figures in U.S. History. Word Count 57

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Apocalypse now

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Apocalypse Now is a movie of the Vietnam experience. Not as much the war as the experience, the thing that made this war personal for each soldier. US Army Captain Willard (Martin Sheen) receives orders to infiltrate renegade special forces Colonel Kurtzs troops and terminate his command. Terminate with extreme prejudice. Reports tell of Kurtz having gone insane, and using "unsound" methods while running his own private army in the jungle in Cambodia. Willard makes his way to Kurtz with the help of a patrol boat and its diverse crew, and a manic commander.

War--any war--is a traumatic experience. It puts a man's sanity to the test. Emotions run unbelievably high, up to its extents and beyond. The undeniable fear, hatred, loss, guilt. Adrenaline courses through your body, messes with the mind. The human body wasn't meant to experience such intense and forceful emotions all at once. There's no control over it and you have no better options anyway, just a differing of horrifying situations. There's no starting over. There's no escape--except for one. What to do? What can you do? What are you doing there? Can you do it? Who or what are you fighting? Why you? Why? Why? SYSTEM OVERLOAD.

Things aren't the same anymore, and won't ever be again. Some people became homicidal, some suicidal, some retreated into themselves, and some saw things clearer than before. Lance retreated into himself. He became a dazed and childlike self. He was still a kid, really. He wants to surf, to watch television, to socialize with girls. Before the war that's who he was. Innocent Lance, not Lance Johnson, Soldier. When he couldn't handle it anymore he hid in himself and embraced his innocence, his days of happiness. In one scene a small boat of Vietnamese are all shot out of panic when the girl tries to protect something in a basket, which turns out to be a puppy. The puppy was adopted by Lance as his symbol of innocence.

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Another theme in this movie was morals. When your day-to-day situation become drastic, moral norms change. In war, killing is no longer murder, but instead a casualty of war. Kurtz believed that in order to survive you've got to act without moral judgment. The "good choices" become impossible. There are now only lesser degrees of evil, and decisions that will get the job done quickly and efficiently. In war there can be little kindness, little pity. Brutal wars such as Vietnam requires you to forget the ethics that you've been taught; resort now to effective solutions. When you come down to it, it's all just a point of view. Evil is a point of view. There is life, and there is death, and there is what you have to do to keep you and your own alive.

The movie made me want to annihilate the entire world just to prevent anything like this from happening. Movies like this one also make me annoyed when I hear people talking about how war is good; they have all the wrong reasons for it. It was a good movie, but not good to watch at A.M in the morning.

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Effects of IT on working conditions

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GeneralToday's society deals with many times more information than at any other time In history that's why today's society is called the Information Age. The amount of information is growing at a rapid constant rate that's does not seem like it is going to slow down in the future. Many people thing that information is more important than natural resources as a source of social and economical power. If people are going to survive in this society, they will need to have access to information and know how to use this intelligently. In the past few centuries, great advances have been made in our ability to process information. Some of the major developments are the printing pres, photography, telephones, computers and the Internet. People are quickly adapting to the latest developments in technology. Effects Of It on Working Conditions Information Technology is a very rapidly growing industry. Its development has been widely reflected in all society .In today's world all businesses from small to large have some sort of Technology within their business. It plays a vital part in our society. In our daily lifecycle we get information from books, newspapers, people, television, radio, computers and the Internet.

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Prior to the growth of information technology people used to work out of their home. They would have owned and operated their own tools, machines to produce the goods for sales and trades. They used to put in the hard work. Then in the LATE 80"s the industries started to take a dramatic change and started to bring in significant changes to the organization which started to change the philosophy of work. The revolution began when people started to control machines to do their work. When this started it had its added advantage as well. It was enabled to make human life easier to work with. By the development of Technology it has had its good effects and bad effects on the individual persons working conditions. When this revolution began people started to talk and say that by the invention of computers it will help develop the efficiency and in a way take over certain responsibilities that people used to have to free up time. There is no doubt that it has improved some peoples' standard of living. Organizations have adopted the use of Technology to save time and effort. It also will increase the output and also develop new products and ultimately save money. For example the banking industry has changed with the use of plastic cards. People use to go to the banks and wait inline to get money out with their passbooks that will get stamped at the end of the transactions. In today's society we just go to an ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) and withdraw the money out with a receipt for the balance. Banks have also started to use the Internet for information and transactions. People can pay bills and review their account details and do much more with their account with just a click of a button. A lot of businesses have adopted the use of software programs such as word processing, spreadsheets and databases to make their business more efficient. Employees are expected to be more knowledge focused with these software tools. The printing industry has become more computerized by using more word processing and desktop publishing software, which has revolutionized the way documents are published. The education industry has gained the use of IT in a widespread area to educate the students and also communicated with others. The teachers and students have access to a range of software's' to improve their learning and get current information from the internet by the use of computers. Governments now store and analyze great amounts of information using information technology. This allows them to provide better services to the community and plan for the future. The use of voice mail, facsimile, mobile phones, pagers, email an video-conferencing are widely used to communicate with each other, and information which will be accessed through the internet. Designers use the program called CAD (computer aided design) to produce their drawing of products. This allows the designers to visualize the product in many different ways. Different industries have different effects of Information Technology on working conditions as shown above. When new technology is introduced, its impact does not always react to a positive side for every one. There will always be some advantages and some disadvantages for people. For example that the ATM system that the banks use as an example. Although it makes some peoples life easier it also makes other peoples life harder. Elderly people within the community may find it hard to use the technology. It may be for the reason that they are slower to catch on with the new technology; this might lead them to some one guiding them through the process. Some people do not enjoy the use of technology they prefer the more personal service. In other case, a benefit to the organization may lead to a disadvantage for individuals. It can be said that if new Information technology increases productivity it can lead to staff redundancies. With the introduction of information technology people have been forced by themselves to learn new skills in running their daily lives. Individuals need access to information and for this reason they need to be more aware and smarter in using information technology. In today's society if you do not have access to getting information or is unable to use technology, the will be heavily disadvantaged.

Please note that this sample paper on Effects of IT on working conditions is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Effects of IT on working conditions, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college papers on Effects of IT on working conditions will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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