Bio

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"Lindsay your breakfast is ready!" In from the living room she ran and quickly seated herself at thekitchen table. Waiting for him was a plate of steaming scrambled eggs, a warm, crisp piece of tastand a cool, fresh glass or orange juice. "Now Lindsay, you know that breakfast is the mostimportant meal of the day, so eat up!" exclaimed her mother. Meanwhile, Elton and Emily Egg,

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Trevor Toast and Omar Orange Jucie were scared out of their minds. They were about to enter thedigestive syestem, known as the ‘Abyss' by foods. Every food knows of it, but really knows nothingabout it and thay all are frightened by it. However, Elton, Emily, Trevor and Omar were unawarethat they would provide a healthy start to Lindsay's day and supply her with nutrients that will keepher up and running.

Lindsay's digestive system took action before she even forked the first savory yellowmorsel into her mouth. At the scent of the food, her salivary glands began to form saliva in hermouth, to prepare for one of the first steps of digestion. The food is chewed into finer pieces byLindsay's teeth (the molars and pre-molars are the workhorses). When the food is in smallerpieces, the digestive juices in the stomach are able to work better. Lindsay's tongue assists duringthe chewing process by moving the food around the mouth, so every bit is broken down. As theseactions are proceeding on, the food is moistened and mixed with saliva, which contains theenzyme ptyalin (salivary amylase). This enzyme begins the digestion of polysaccharides bybreaking them down into disaccharides.

When Lindsay swallows, she uses the coordinates efforts of the tongue, pharynx, andesophagus (see diagram #1). The first phase is voluntary, with the mass of food, or bolus, beingforced into the pharynx by tongue. The rest is simply reflaxes. The tongue blocks the mouth, thesoft palate closes off the nose and the larynx rises to make the epiglottis cloase off the trachea.This happens automatically and prevents breathing so Lindsay will not choke on her food. Thatwould be bad. The food travels down the esophagus, an approximately 10-inch longmucus-covered tube and takes about to seconds to reach the stomach. The food is pushedalong by waves of muscle contractions and then relaxations called peristalsis (see diagram #).

Elton, Emily, Trevor and Omar finally arrive at the stomacg after passing through thecardiac sphincter (see diagram #). In Lindsay's stomach (a muscular, stretchable sac) the food ismixed and churned, and all of the bits of egg, toast, and orange juice are converted into a thickmixture, called cyyme, due to strong contradictions and very acidic gastric juice (hydrochloric acid,pepsindogen, and mucus). Elton and Emily, wo contain much protein, will undergo digestion in thestomach. Pesinogen is converted into active enzymes called pepsins. When protein chains areexposed to the high acidity in the stomach, their peptide bongs are exposed. Then pepsin does itsjob and cleaves some of the bonds, breaking the huge protein chain down into smaller proteinfragments. Also, many pathogens that are ingested along with Lindsay's breakfast will be killed inthe stomach by the high acidity of the gastric fluid. In some cases if the food digested containsexcess amounts of harmful bacteria, the muscles in the stomach squeeze themselves together topush the food back up through the esophagus and out the mouth- in other words- throwing up.Fortunately, Lindsay's nutritios breakfast contained no bacteria of the sort. After sitting idle in thestomach for about two hours, Lindsay's stomach is emptied by waves of contraction and relaxation(peristalsis). As the chyme approached the pyloric sphincter at the base of the stomach, a strongconraction occurs, and most of the chyme is squeezed backwards into the stomach; only a smallamount moves into the duodenum (first part of small intestine). Over time however, all of thechyme (Elton, Emily, Trevor, and Omar) will enter the small intestine.

A tubular organ about feet in length, the small intestine is where the absorption andfinal digestion of protein and carboydrates from Lindsay's breafast will occur. It is also where theinitial digestion of fats begins. The duodenum is the receiving area for bile (bile salts, pigments,cholesterol, lecithin), which is secreted by the liver, and juices from the pancreas (see diagram #4).A small sac connected to the bile duct, called the gall bladder (see diagram #5), stored andconcentrates extra bile. It is concentrated when the gallbladder reabsorbs water and regulates themovement of bile into the small intestine. Fats the chyme stimulate gallbladder concentrations,which forced bile into the duodenum.

Fat molecules naturally clump together and form gat glabules. Bile salts from bile coat thefat globules and undergo emulsification to break down the large clumps of fat (see diagram #6).This must be done in orger for the fat splitting enzyme, lipase, to work. Lipase comes from thepancreas and breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and monoglycerides. On the folds ofthe intestinal mucosa there are millions of absporptive structures called villi. On each villi there are1,700 microvilli. These unique structures increase the surface area of the small intestiveimmensely; overall, the small intestine has the surface area about that of a tennis court. The fattyacit and monoglyceride molecules are absorbed into lymph vessels and later, the bloodstream.

Protein digestion continues in the small intestine when trypsin and chymotrypsin from thepancreas break proteins down into protein fragments; craboyxypeptidase from the pancreas andaminopeptidase, which is produced from the intestinal lining, convert the protein fragments intoamino acids that are absorbed by the villi into the bloodstream.

Although carboydrate digestion bega in Lindsay's mouth with the breakdown ofpolysaccharides into disaccharides, it ends in the small intestince. Pancreatic amylase continuesthe digestion of polysaccharides into disaccharides within the small intestine. Furthermore,disaccharidases conclude carbohydrate digestion by converting disaccharides intomonosaccharides (e.g. glucose). Disaccharidases are enzymes that come from the small intestinallining. The monosaccharides are absorbed into the bloodstream. The first place the blood goes isthe liver, where it is detoxified. Then, it is sent out to nourish the body with the nutrients it iscarrying.

All of the material not absorbed in the small intestine is transported into the large intestine.This includes minerals, water, electrolytes and even vitamin K. These are absorbed into thebloodstream and any matter left over, are feces. As water moves across the intestinal lining, wastematerial becomes concentrated. Feces may stay in the colon for to even 10 days until they areexpelled. They are stored in the last part of the large intestine, the rectum. When defecation istriggered manually, feced are ejected out the anus.

Lindsay, who is in elementary school and has not yet gone through biology, does notknow how efficientyly her body absorbs and uses the nutrients she ingests. The all-star breakfastcast, Elton and Emily, Trevor, and Omar have gone through the breahtaking process of digestion,just like many foods before them. Never will they forget their conversion from whole, nutritiousfood, to hard, water-less feces. However, they can say that they as members of the digested have helped to maintain the life of a human, by supplying her with the nourishment needed for a dayswork.

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