Monday, January 11, 2021

Antigone

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For my term paper, I researched on Cyber Terrorism. I believe that Cyber Terrorism is a big problem in our society and may even be a worldwide problem for all humanity today. I want to do my term paper on Cyber Terrorism because I had some personal experience with this sort of terrorism. About a two years ago, I encountered a Hacker on America Online. I opened an unknown message in my mailbox that was titled “Free Nude Teens”. Then about a couple weeks later, we received all sorts of bills that had to be paid. My father received bills for many different things such as electronics, clothes, and other items that had been purchased under our account on the Internet. My father was so pissed off because he thought that my brothers or I had purchased all those items. So we called the Company and found that our computer had been hacked into. And the so called hacker purchased items on our account number. And we found that the hacker gained entry by a message that I had opened . So we ended up paying only a thousand dollars out of almost six-thousand dollars worth of goods purchased on America Online. I want to do my research paper on Cyber Terrorism because I want to stress to people that this is a big problem and will become worse in the future since everything is being done in Cyber Space these days.


In this research paper, I will prove that hackers gain power and publicity with crimes they commit through cyber space. And it is easy for even amateur hackers to gain information and money from powerful organization without any detection or suspicion. Hacking is also a costly and destructive force for people in Cyber Space. Cyber Terrorism is such a destructive force that our country lost millions of dollars to hacking terrorists from other countries.


I know that Cyber Terrorism is becoming problem as a fact because I found that ninety-six percent of all illegally hacked computers are not detected. Just that one sentence says a lot about how unstoppable the force of Cyber Terrorism is.


Hacking has become such a problem in today’s computer dependent society that stronger measures must be implemented to stop hackers, and if hackers are still successful, they should be severely punished. Hackers are a problem because with the amount of businesses and corporations we depend on every day, we can’t have hackers breaking in our systems because it causes so much problems with peoples jobs, and sometimes can cost us lots of money. And so many people rely on computers to get around, communicate and keep track of the things they have to do, when a hacker breaks into a system, it can sometimes temporarily ruin someone’s life.


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Cyber Terrorism can come in all sorts of ways through Cyber Space and it is defined in many different ways. Cyber Terrorism can come in the form of misinformation. Hacking is a good example of Cyber Terrorism. An example of hacking would be hacking into a hospital computer system and changing someone’s medicine prescription to a lethal dosage as an act of revenge. Cyber Terrorism is a more popular form for terrorist because they don’t have to use guns or bombs for destruction. Cyber Terrorism could be defined as the use of computing resources to intimidate or coerce others. To the FBI, Cyber Terrorism is defined as the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. But some people know cyber terrorism as “information warfare” which means the ability to unleash horror and devastation with a few well-aimed strokes on a computer keyboard.


Most hackers break into computers not to wreak havoc, but simply to explore and share information with one another. A small minority, however, do wish to create mischief. These individual are the ones who have the public fearing hackers. They are responsible for the Media calling hackers criminals. These individuals and gangs purposely break into computers for personal financial gain, or to turn your six thousand dollar state of the art computer into a six thousand dollar paperweight. A hacker in Road Runner can easily glide into an unprotected PC. There, they can potentially get credit card numbers and other valuable goodies. Hackers have no distinguishing characteristics. Your next-door neighbor could be a hacker, as could your niece or nephew, one of your co-workers, or even your best friend. Not all hackers are dangerous and out to destroy business or damage lives. The view of the general public toward hackers is mixed. A recent CNN poll shows twenty-three percent of respondents labeling hackers as useful, fifty-two percent seeing them as a menace, and the majority which is twenty-five percent sees hackers as both useful and a menace.


To almost all professionals the actions of hackers are despicable and justify all sorts of nasty punishments. I fully agree that hacking is a criminal offense and should be prosecuted. The only thing that bothers me from a moral standpoint is that these criminals are essentially the cyberspace equivalent of teenage vandals. They do not know the implications of what they are doing. These people are displaying, vandalism, and their actions are random, yet predictable. Many professionals argue that the cause why hackers hack is about the same as any other criminal. It mostly has to do with their families, and friends and the environment they grew up in. I agree with professionals at this point and I believe that the issue goes back to how they are raised. I am not saying that these people have bad parents. I think that while parents go around telling their children not to do drugs, to study hard in school, etc., they do not tell their children that it is bad to break into computer systems. Parents don’t think of discussing it. This leaves teenagers to learn about hacking on bulletin boards, chat lines, and many other places. Hackers learn their morals from other hackers.


Hacking has been developed over the years to be unstoppable. Newcomers to the hacking community learn the rules by associating with established hackers. Hackers like to hack in order to impress each other.


Hackers also do not know about the cost results of their actions. All studies show that hackers are generally young, and do not have full-time jobs or own property. They do not consider that if they do get into a system and make an unintentional, simple mistake, they could cost the company thousands, and possibly millions of dollars. I think that every computer professional, including the best, have mad a mistake that has caused the loss of data, service or money. Young hackers do not know what a System Administrator is faced with on a day-to-day basis, and neither do they realize the problem they cause for already overworked people.


The art of computer hacking has grown since the computers first started to appear. Despite the growing trend of hacking, very little research has been done on the hacking world and its culture. The image of a computer hacker has grown from a harmless nerd into a vicious techno-criminal. Although hacking is a growing trend in our society, it is not one that is accepted in the United States or any other country. In the past, hackers were basically known as just computer experts. Nowadays hacker means the same thing as a cracker, a person who pirates software, and malicious hackers. There are hackers out there that will do there best to harm any system they can, national security documents the bad hackers as dangerous, they may gain access to classified information.There is a number of things that our country is realizing about Cyber terrorism. In 18, president Clinton created the Commission of Critical Infrastructure Protection. This protects the innocent and helpless from hackers and gives them the right over the power of Cyber Terrorists. Also in many government organizations, they have formed some type of group to deal with cyber terrorist and block them from stealing money as well as information. The CIA created its own group, called the Information Warfare Center, with one thousand people and twenty four our response teams, their computers are the hardest to penetrate. And just recently, a blue-ribbon commission unveiled a detailed report on national security, calling for sweeping changes in the way the government handles what it calls a “significant and growing” threat of terrorism in the U.S. One of the panel’s main recommendations is for President Bush to create a new Cabinet-level National Homeland Security Agency to handle prevention, response and recovery to terrorist incidents. And Bush administration officials say they will look closely at the commission’s recommendations. But the proposal for a National Homeland Security Agency is sure to stir controversy, because it will take resources away from some well-entrenched agencies. But the deputy national security adviser, said agencies simply need better cooperation in the fight against terrorism, no another new agency. Internet security has gotten better and better by the year. It is hard for even the best of hackers to break into a computer due to the strict security and punishment. Although, if hacking is done, and a hacker is caught, the consequences are sometimes not that wonderful. Most hackers caught breaking into anything more than a personal system are prosecuted and face a large fine or a jail sentence. Hacking has become such a wide spread trend that it is considered as a common crime such as murder, theft, and drugs. It is so common that even a thirteen-year-old can easily learn how to hack into systems. On America Online, I found over a hundred web sites dedicated to teaching people the steps to hack. They even have chat rooms for hackers to share their hacking knowledge with each other. For example, I found a web site called the Anarchist Cookbook. It shows you step by step, how to hack into all kinds of computer systems. And they make it sound exciting by telling you the kind of pleasure you could gain from it like money, power, and just simple fun which would attract bored teens at home. Computer Terrorism can be defined in all sort of ways. Hacking is a good example of Cyber Terrorism. Hacking is basically stealing information illegally through a computer. The FBI defines terrorism as the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. An example of hacking is hacking into a hospital computer system and changing someone’s medicine prescription to a lethal dosage as an act of revenge. Computer terrorism is such an unstoppable force that there is little that we can do to stop hackers from getting into our common household computers. Through household computers, viruses could be spread so rapidly, that the U.S. could easily be taken out within three weeks. There are some things that you can do to prevent from being hacked into. Many people now use Anit-Virus software that can prevent people from using programs that have been tampered with that could cause damage to a system. Although there is some basic steps you could do to prevent being hacked into. 1) All accounts should have passwords and the passwords should be unusual and difficult to guess. ) Change the network configuration when defects become visible. ) Check with venders for upgrades and patches. 4) Audit systems and check logs to help in detecting and tracing an intruder. 5) If you are ever unsure about the safety of a site, or receive suspicious email from an unknown address, don’t access it. But there is a new method of prevention, which is constantly being improved upon is the “dongle.” It was devised and developed by Bell Labs. The “dongle” is a calculator-sized machine, which gives a new password to the user every time he or she logs onto the Internet. This device would protect your personal computer from any outside intruder who wouldn’t want to spend their time breaking down your information. Though, eventually hackers would want to be able to break those codes. It still is an important stride in the fight against hackers. An annoying, and time-consuming idea is encrypting all transmissions from computer to computer. One thing is for sure, all these devices will not keep a determined hacker out of a system, and these defenses won’t be cheap to buy. Hackers need to be stopped because of the severe problems they can cause. Hopefully, people will soon realize the consequences of computer hacking and will stop. With all the problems it causes, something has to be done


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Impacts of the Green House effect

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The Green House effect is the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere trap energy from the sun. These gases are transparent to the radiation from the sun, but opaque to outgoing radiation by the Earth. This is a natural phenomenon responsible for maintenance of the temperature which makes life possible. Without such a phenomenon our planet would experience extreme temperatures just like on the Moon. However, due to the increase in man's activities, the temperature is continuously on the increase leading to global warming. Global warming is having several negative impacts on the world, such as our health, natural resources and man's activities.Our health largely depends on the climate of the area in which we live. Extreme temperatures may lead to loss of life. For example, in areas of extreme temperatures people die due to heat stroke. Higher temperatures increase the concentration of the lower Ozone layer, which is a harmful pollutant. It damages our lungs, increases asthma levels in patients, causes chest pain and other lung diseases. Warm temperatures allow the breeding of diseases like malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever and cholera.The changing climate has affected our natural resources in many ways. It has lead to the increase in evaporation leading to drier soils and low levels of water resources. This in turn has lead to difficulties in navigation, poor resources to produce Hydro Electric Power, and the demand for water is remarkable. Whereas in the Polar Regions, the snow is melting at very high levels which causes the flooding of many water bodies which leads to the loss of life and property. It has also changed the habitat of the wildlife that stay in the Polar Regions, such as polar bears, seals and whales. Our forests are getting depleted due to frequent forest fires, which have also affected the migration of birds and animals in game parks and National parks in many countries. Global warming has also affected human activities such as agriculture and fishing. Increase in temperature implies, minimal amounts of rainfall and drier soils leading to poor crop yields. This in the long run may bring in scarcity of food. It has also affected the fish and aquatic species. The distribution of fish has changed in several areas due to increase in the water temperatures, pollution levels and the decrease in oxygen levels.


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Global warming is indeed having several negative impacts on the Earth. It is quite obvious that the Green House effect is mainly due the man's actions. This problem can only be solved if man changes his attitude towards the environment and the enforcement of laws by the governments.


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Hi

If you order your cheap custom paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on hi. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality hi paper right on time.


Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in hi, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your hi paper at affordable prices with cheap custom writing service! Steven AustinDr. Scott CurtisShakespeare II15 August 00



Othello


William Shakespeare's Othello is a tragedy that takes place in Venice, Italy. The play is set in the late sixteenth century, during the wars between Venice and Turkey. Othello and Desdemona, despite their differences in age and race marry and attempt to build a life together. Their marriage is sabotaged when the envious Iago, convinces Othello that Desdemona is unfaithful. Othello would not be as well known without possibly the most heinous villain in Shakespeare, Iago. Iago is an extremely complex and far from ordinary character. His utter lack of convincing motivation for his actions makes him a difficult character to understand. It is Iago's views of human nature that let he be manipulative, cunning, and cowardly towards others. His complexity and uniqueness make him one of Shakespeares greatest villains.


Iago sees human nature in the from of brutish base desires with no redeeming features. Iago is unlike any other character in Othello. He is devoid of all positive human emotion and is not subject to the common human passions. Iago says, "I am not what I am."(1.1.65). This implies a difference between the name of "Iago" and the creature by that name. Iago demonstrates all the evils of which humans can conceive, the horrible union of the worst in men and women. Iago's position yields him powerful insight, but his "insight is of the sort which reduces all impulse and motive to baseness…" (Bayley 10). Iago understands others because he understands himself "...knowing what I am, I know what she [Desdemona] shall be." (4.1.74). Iago is more than "a bit of dramatic mechanism" (105), as J. I. M. Stewart describes him; he is a full character, enriched all the more by his lack of self. Iago's outlook on life is based on his non-comprehension of love. He has a very animalistic attitude towards love and life. The constant metaphoric association of animals and humans in this way portrays Iagos bestial attitude towards sex. He sees love as evidence of the lesser nature of human beings. Iago says, "It is merely a lust of the blood and a permission of the will."(1..7-8). Iago intimately understands the nature of gender as a masque behind which each of us plays a role. "The self-portrait everyone paints of themselves, the well-guarded persona by which they live." (Bayley 176). Iago does not merely exist to "label others and so get them in his power" (Bayley 180); he knows they have already labeled themselves, and so uses their own labels against them. He is driven to compel others to behave in accordance with their expected gender roles. Iago treats the women close to him despicably, using them as a means to promote his own evil. He is also a very individualistic person, concerned with only himself and what he wants. Iago sees people as objects rather than real human beings.


Iago's manipulative character can be seen throughout the play. He takes joy in being able to control others. It is his views about human beings that let Iago manipulate others as he does. Iagos entire plan begins when Cassio is promoted to the position of lieutenant, a position that Iago believed he rightfully deserved. Iago comes up with numerous ideas to steal the position of lieutenant away from Cassio. The first to fall victim to Iagos manipulation is the half-witted Roderigo. Iago knows Roderigo is consumed by lust for Desdemona, and would do anything to make her his own. Iago tells Roderigo that the only way to win Desdemonas love is to make money to procure gifts for her. Iago says, "… Put money in thy purse, it cannot be that Desdemona should long continue her love to the Moor - put money in thy purse…" (1..46-8). However, Iago is just taking the gifts intended for Desdemona and keeping them for himself. Roderigo eventually starts to question Iagos honesty. When faced with the accusations, Iago simply offers that the killing of Cassio will aid in his cause, and Roderigo falls for it. In doing this, Iago keeps Roderigo in the dark and continues to profit from him monetarily. Roderigo is also used as a device in both Cassio and Othellos downfall. Like Roderigo, Cassio follows Iago blindly, thinking the whole time that Iago is trying to aid him, when in fact Iago, motivated by his lust for power, is attempting to remove Cassio of his position as lieutenant. With Roderigos help, Iago causes Cassio to forfeit his position as Othellos second-in-command. Iago's plan is to make Cassio commit an act that would forfeit his position as lieutenant. During a party in the castle, Iago says, "If I can fasten but one cup upon him, With that which he hath drunk tonight already he'll be as full of quarrel and offense as my young mistress' dog…" (..50-5). A fight between Cassio and Roderigo ensues in the castle shortly after Cassio becomes drunk. Cassio stabs Roderigo while yelling, "Zounds! You rogue! You rascal!" (..14). Othello re-enters with guards and stops the fighting. Othello looks at the scene and asks for a description of what has happened. Both Cassio and Montano cannot speak which leaves Iago to give the description of the brawl to Othello. Iago makes it sounds like Cassio was only minorly at fault for his actions, but Othello notices that Iago is going easy on Cassio. Othello says, "Cassio, I love thee, but never more be officer of mine." (..48-4). Iago succeeds in his plan, and Cassio is removed from his position as lieutenant. Cassio is also used to bring out the monster inside of Othello. He uses Cassio to support his master plan the destruction of Othello. Cassio was unfortunate enough to be chosen ahead of Iago as Othellos second-in-command and was reduced to a deteriorated state due to Iago's manipulation. Iago ruins the lives of many people during the play and does not feel one bit remorseful due do his disturbing and skewed views of human nature.


Cunning is defined as skill in deception and Iago is a master of this. Iago is without a doubt clever in the way he toys with Othello, introducing doubt into his mind in a way that is so compelling that even the audience marvels at his cunning. His hesitancy, his pretence of friendship, his gradual temptation of Othello into his trap, his perfect sense of timing, his exploitation of the insecurities in an aged, emotional outsider, would be convincing to all but the least trustful. With all the evidence Iago has presented to Othello, Othello still does not doubt his wife. Othello says No, Iago, Ill see before I doubt, when I doubt, prove, and on the proof, there is no more but this away at once with love or jealousy! (..18-1).Othellos belief is not caused by jealousy; it is forced upon him by Iago. Iago, with great skill, frames Cassio and Desdemona with a collection of circumstantial evidence, from the misleading conversation with Cassio that Othello is made to overhear to the planting of the handkerchief on Cassio. After such cunning on the part of Iago, it is quite understandable that Othello should be convinced of his wifes guilt, despite her protests of innocence. It is Iago, who uses "smoke and mirrors" to lure and convince Othello into his own cunning hell. Iago is able to play so well on Othellos insecurities. Iago knows just when to feed Othello more information to push him closer to the breaking point. In his childlike simplicity, Othello falls victim to Iago. By the end of the play Iagos cunning has transformed a noble man into a pitiless, emotional wreck. Iago breaks Othello down into a self-questioning fool who is too enraged to take notice of his own actions. Othello becomes enraged and seeks to destroy those who have made him feel the way he feels. Othello says, "Oh, blood, blood, blood!" (..451). In the course of one scene, the calm, gentle Othello has moved beyond demands for ocular proof to those for blood and vengeance alone. The character of our patient, slow moving and thinking hero becomes an accelerated persona whose anger, jealousy, and activity turn the wheels of his destruction. Here a madness envelops Othello so that his judgment is not his own, but Iago's and his ocular proof is nothing more than the finely-painted dramas Iago creates for him. Iagos cunning plot is eventually exposed by Emilia and Iago runs out, pursued by soldiers. Then Othello, realizing and repenting his injustice to Desdemona, stabs himself, kisses her again, and falls dead.


Iago is a coward who persuades others to act for him. He repeatedly convinces others to complete his tasks for him, because he is afraid of endangering himself. Iago has admitted to being afraid of Cassio, the man to whom he sarcastically refers to as ‘a proper man' in the first of his soliloquies. There is now no doubt that Iago is a coward, as he says that he must be careful how he tells Othello of Cassio's ‘crimes' for fear that he be found out by Cassio. Instead of doing his dirty work himself he persuades others to do it for him. Iago does get Cassio to drink enough wine to become drunk, but he plans to discredit Cassio by persuading Roderigo to have a fight with him. Iago says to Roderigo, "Sir, he is rash and very sudden in choler, and haply may strike at you. Provoke him…" (.1.78-7). Roderigo is manipulated into doing Iago's bidding and agrees to provoke Cassio. Cassio is easily angered and gets into a fight with Roderigo, which must be broken up by Othello. The plan works and Othello takes away Cassio's rank of lieutenant. He then persuades Roderigo that things are looking better for him because Cassio has been dismissed. He orders Roderigo to go to his lodging. Iago tries to stay out of the action by taking advantage of anyone possible. He even uses his own wife as a pawn in his plan to bring down Othello. The next day Iago ensures that his wife Emilia persuades Desdemona to speak to Cassio, and when this meeting takes place Othello must witness it. The meeting between Cassio and Desdemona is the key to this part of the plot. Iago gets his pleasure in advancing his wicked plans. As the scene between Cassio and Desdemona folds out, Iago stays in the back while he has his wife [Emilia] sets up the meeting. Iago enters and Cassio advises him what he has done and he volunteers to assist Cassio by ensuring that Othello is kept out of the way so that he can pursue his reinstatement. Cassio is confident that he will be able to reinstate his position, not suspecting for one moment that he is being manipulated by Iago. It is clear that they have discussed Cassio's position and she is persuaded to make representations to Othello to reinstate him. Emilia is also with them and her belief is that her husband, Iago, is truly upset concerning Cassio's disgrace. Desdemona is confident that her petition will be successful. Emilia, Cassio, and Desdemona have no idea that Iago is masterminding the entire plot that will eventually bring everyone's downfall. Iago is such a weakling that he is only present when he feels that he can find someone else who will do his actions for him so he can stay behind and protect his good reputation.


Iago, as a representation of evil, has one major motivational factor that leads him to lie, cheat, and commit crimes on other characters. His views of human nature motivate his destruction of all that is good and the rise of evil. This contrast between good and evil is made with Iago and Desdemona. Desdemona is described frequently by other characters as she is divine, the grace of heaven (.1.lines), while Iago in contrast is described as hellish after his plot is uncovered. Iago uses the other characters in the play to work specifically towards his goal. In this way, he can maintain his supposed unknowingness about the events going on and still work his scheming ways. Iagos schemes however at times seem to work unrealistically well which may or may not be a case of witchcraft or magic. Iagos major mistake, ironically, comes from his wife Emilia. Iago believed that everyone acts in their own interest, but his wife does not. Emilia cares for Desdemona and puts her life on the line for her. Although not completely victorious at the conclusion of the play, Iago does successfully eliminate the one character representative of heaven, innocence, and honesty. Yet remains the censure of this hellish villain (5..lines). Iagos views of human beings not only caused him to loose everything it also cost the people affected by him to loose their life. Works CitedBayley, John. The Characters of Love A Study in the Literature of Personality. New York Basic Books, Inc., 160.Shakespeare, William. Othello. Shakespeare The Complete Works Ed. G.B. Harrison. New York Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 15. PAGENUMBERSStewart, J.I.M. Character and Motive in Shakespeare Some Recent Appraisals Examined. New York Barnes & Noble, Inc., 166.Pierce, Kevin. "The Manipulation of Gender Roles in Othello." GET PUBLISHER. Online, Internet. 1 March. 00.


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Friday, January 8, 2021

Pros and Cons of Smoking

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I sat down today to treat myself to one of my favorite bad habits while I try to conceive some idea as to what I would write about. As I sparked up surrounded by people young and old doing the same, it suddenly hit me what a great amount of people actually smoke cigarettes in spite of the great health risk. Most people however simply choose to ignore the sad brutal truth that smoking will kill you. I am confident however that the warning turns a few people each day away from it. Although I am not positive on the actual number of hazardous substances and chemicals cigarette smoke contains, I think it is safe to say that there is a great few. This brings me to my next point which is the nicotine addiction factor which runs with smoking cigarettes. I am positive that if you ask any civilized person on the face of the earth if cigarettes are actually good for your health, you will receive a unanimous answer that they are not. To many people's amazement, however, this still does not turn smokers off the habit. I am not sure if you can notice a few deciding factors in determining whether or not somebody smokes cigarettes or not. So just for your own information smoking does in fact turn teeth yellow. And if your one of those people who really likes the color yellow and are saying, "Wow! That would be really pretty", you are sorely misinformed. You can thank the tar for that little surprise. So in closing I would like to make it known to you that the end is not even in sight concerning the disadvantages of smoking cigarettes, so enjoy them while you can.


Generally, people who do not smoke are not very open about the personal advantages it carries. I admit openly that there is nothing that pleases me more than to indulge myself with a cigarette after a tedious test in class, or follow up a large meal with a classic smoke. Smokers all over the world know that it is an extremely relaxing activity. Smoking always seems to take the edge off any situation or just simply kill time if you have a quick ten minutes before class. I fully respect other people's choices not to smoke, and that is why I do not walk into a hospital and light up and later complain about infringement on individual rights. Smoking a cigarette, like I stated before is very relaxing and often takes me down a notch when I need to be. I find also that smoking takes me up socially. Now before you judge me and say, "That's ridiculous to smoke only for social elevation", let me explain. It has brought me a great many more friends that, if I had not been lighting a cigarette at the time, or if they had not come up and asked to bum a smoke, I would never had met. So with that in mind, I hope I have opened your mind just enough to see the not so bad benevolent side of the, in most people's opinion, oh so horrible truth.


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Wednesday, January 6, 2021

Crime

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Recently, under the direction of Martha Burk, feminists have begun a crusade against the Augusta National golf club. Burk and her league of feminists are urging the club, "to be fair, to not discriminate against women and basically to come into the twenty-first century (News WSB-TV 1)." Burk wants Augusta National to change the all-male policy, and open its doors to women. As it is, women can play at Augusta National if invited by a member, but cannot be members themselves. William W. "Hootie" Johnson, chairman of Augusta National, is outraged at the idea. In a statement to the press Johnson said, "our membership alone decides our membership-not any outside group with its own agenda (Washington Times 1)." Legally Johnson is right because Augusta National is a private organization. I do not believe that Augusta National should give in to the feminists. The feminists should leave the decision to fight this up to the women golfers. Feminists are bad about picking battlefields where the women involved don't want to be "equal". Augusta National is a private organization and legally has the right to pick its membership how it chooses. The feminists aren't really concerned about being able to play golf at Augusta National. It's just one more battle on the path to get rid of all-male organizations.


Who are the feminists to decide the fate of Augusta National? If female golfers are really that concerned about the membership rules let them fight this battle. I don't understand why this means so much to Martha Burk, because she doesn't play golf. If the club did decide to allow female members, I doubt that Burk would be in a hurry to sign up. I think Burk and her army of feminists should have paid a little more attention to the female golfers. A couple of years ago some feminists in congress were trying to make it so women in the armed forces could do everything in combat that men could do. They did not stop for one second to ask what the women wanted. Had they listened a little closer, they would have heard the voices of just about every woman in the military saying, "No no no! We don't want that!" Men, whether you like it or not, are the stronger more dominant sex. There are some things, no matter how passionately you feel that women are equal, that women just have no business doing, or flat out don't want to do. The feminists never stopped to consider that though did they?


Legally, Augusta National can do what ever it wants. It is a private organization and has the right to pick and choose its members how ever it sees fit. It just doesn't make sense that the feminists are so distraught about the fact that the club discriminates based on sex. There are several female organizations that discriminate based on sex. According to Martha Burk that isn't fair, does she propose that we get rid of all female organizations too? This school discriminates based on sex. Legally, they are correct too, this is a private college, and as a private college they can say that men are not allowed to be students here. Why is it that feminists look over this and say that single sex education is beneficial to women, but a golf club that allows only male members is discriminatory?


I don't think that the issue of golf has very much to do with it anyway. Some feminists seem to be on a warpath to rid the world of all-male organizations. They claim any organization that doesn't allow women is discriminatory. However, they will argue until they are blue in the face that women's colleges give women a greater chance at success than women who attended co-ed universities. Isn't this a little hypocritical? Feminists are always sticking their noses where they don't belong. They've attacked the Citadel, the Boy Scouts, the military, and now Augusta National. I guess I can give them a little credit on the Citadel. It is a public school and my tax dollars support it. I would be a little perturbed if I couldn't attend. However, what is with the Boy Scouts? Why not be a Girl Scout? I was a Girl Scout and I got to go camping, fishing, hiking, and do community service just like a Boy Scout. I think it should stay that way because when you're that young those sorts of things are best done with people the same sex as you. Who needs little boys hiding frogs and worms in the girls' sleeping bags? Burk may be doing her cause more harm than good by being so militant. If the feminists don't watch out, they are about to be faced with some backlash from the men. I don't want to loose the ability to benefit from a single sex education because a couple of women out there want to be seen as "manly."


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Martha Burk and her band of whiny women have tried lately to pressure Augusta National into allowing female membership. The chairman of the club, William Johnson, isn't having any of it. He said, "We will not be bullied, threatened, or intimidated. We do not intend to become a trophy in their display case (Eagle Forum 1)." I agree with Johnson. The feminists don't care about playing golf at Augusta National. The only thing they are concerned about is ridding the world of another all-male organization in the name of equality for women. Augusta National is a private organization and can pick its members however it chooses. If female golfers are really upset about not being able to play golf at Augusta National then let them fight that battle. Burk has no business trying to tell Augusta National whom it has to admit as a member when she doesn't play golf, and wouldn't be a member even if women were allowed in. Stop whining, let the boys be boys and go out with the girls for once. That's right, there is a difference, get over it.


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CINEMA

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WHAT IS MARKETING?Marketing refers to the' selling of a movie. A movie is sold to the public in the same way as any other product e.g. a chocolate bar. Adverts will be shown on television or in magazines to tempt people to buy the product - a ticket to go and see the film. The marketing campaign for each movie can take around 6-8 months to organize and can make or break the film - if people do not know about a movie then they cannot go and see it. It also costs millions of euros -sometimes as much as the cost of the film itself!The marketing consists toɨ Selling Films


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ɨ Writing ReviewsFilms have to be sold to the general public in a certain way. Something's about the film will be more important than others. If you look at a film poster the film name and the stars will be in big letters whilst the rest of the film crew (those behind the camera) are shown in very small print at the bottom of the poster. This is because those names in big letters are the ones that will attract an audience. Is this the only reason to explain the success of a movie? Reviews of films are shown in film programmes, in magazines, on the INTERNET and in newspapers. Film critics, whose job it is to review films, will describe what a film is like and whether they think it is worth seeing. Reviews will make a difference to people. If reviewers say a film is great, then more people will go and see it. If a film is described as terrible then they may stay away!How explaining the differences between the French and the American movies , in other words how explaining the American success? And the what about the French cinema?I. GlossaryFirst, here are some relevant words and expressions which are very usefull to understand the marketing movies.Awareness what marketing seeks to create - when audiences know something about the content of a film (stars, plot premise etc) and when it is going to be releasedBuzz Positive word-of-mouthDay and Date Release a nationwide or global opening when a film opens in a large number of cinemas at the same timeDistributor buys the rights to sell a film to the cinema, video and TV markets. All blockbuster movies are made with the distribution rights pre-sold or arranged as big studios have their own distribution arm. Smaller, or independently produced movies often have to wait till they are completed before anyone will buy the distribution rightsExhibitor Cinemas - usually large chains of cinemas (eg UA in Hong Kong)Hold-over When a film plays for longer than originally intended, perhaps because of large audiences, or winning an awardJunket When selected members of the press are invited to visit the set of a movie and are invited exclusive interviews with the stars, and to write about the making of the movie. Like in Americas Sweethearts... Key art The central concept or design used in posters and print adsMerchandising The process of manufacturing, distributing, licensing and sale of T-shirts, toys, posters, key-rings etc that contain characters or designs from a moviePlatform release A limited opening at key cinemas to develop word of mouth. Once a good buzz has been achieved, the movie will open at more cinemasPlaydate Date of release of a film in a specific marketPress kit The pack given to journalists containing such things as still photos, press release, biographies of main personnel. Some press kits (particularly around Oscar time) are unusual and inventive, and contain small gifts as a not-very-subtle persusasive tactice to get the journalist to be nice about the filmPrimary Audience The main target audience of a film, those who are likely to go and see it on its opening weekend, or even start queuing up six months before it is releasedSecondary audience The audience who will only go and see a movie after they have heard about it - either from friends or from reading reviews - and have been persuaded that it is worth seeing. They will not risk it on its opening weekendTagline The one-liner summing up the story which appears on posters (Same planet. Different scum etc)Teaser Trailer A short trailer which does not give very much at all away about a film. It is designed to arouse curiosity and may appear a long time prior to the release of a movieTie-ins Promotional campaigns (Happy Meals, car tvcs - you name it) where another company gets together with the film company and they promote their products jointly Trailer A sample of the best points of a film which works to create awareness in audiences. Can be anything from 0-180 seconds longWord-of-mouth The general public attitude to a movie - what people tell each other about it. This is thought to be the most important ingredient for box office successII. Marketing A Blockbuster Movie The purpose of marketing is of course to maximise the audience for a film and to therefore maximise its earnings ie to make as much money as possible. Most blockbuster movies already have an audience. The studio has pumped millions of dollars into the movie because they already know people will go and see it - because it is based on a media text that already has an audience. This may be a previous film (eg Men In Black IIs audience will consist of many people who are fans of the first movie), or the source material (the original Men In Black movie was based on the comic book of the same name created by Lowell Cunningham and Greg Lane in 10). However, the studios need a guarantee that the film is going to be make not just a small profit, but a comfortable one, and after spending, say $100 million dollars on a movie they will usually spend around half as much again on marketing it. Thats a lot of money. Is it really necessary? III. Selling a Movie and Brand LoyaltyMost cinema tickets are one-off purchases. We dont buy a cinema ticket in the same way as we might buy a particular brand of soft drink, knowing that we will go back to this brand again and again and again (ie you have brand loyalty). We base your decision to buy a ticket on the basis of the marketing we have seen for an individual movie. We might be quite loyal to that brand while it lasts (you might buy a t-shirt, a soundtrack CD and the DVD when it¹s released), but in most cases, its a short-lived loyalty. And thats a loyalty that is very expensive to purchase. With each new movie release, a studio has to create a new brand. This is why they like sequels and franchises so much a string of movies all based around the same brand are easy to market as audiences have already had a taste of them.The Star Wars movies are perhaps the most successful example of this, with consumers demonstrating rabid brand loyalty, and the brand being associated with a whole range of merchandising, from pillowcases to happy meals. Although many fans of the first three movies had major "issues" with The Phantom Menace, they all felt compelled to see Attack of The Clones, and no matter how many "issues" they had with it, they will still all go and see whatever the third one is going to be called. They are loyal to the brand, and the marketing of the movie reflects that. Stars may also be considered brands, particularly if they are associated with only one type of movie. Audiences feel comfortable going to see a movie starring, say, The Rock, because they know that they are going to get a specific sort of action movie (lots of pro-wrestling moves, not much talking). However, stars as brands go stale after a while, as audiences tire of actors doing the same thing over and over again (think of how Arnold Schwarzeneggers career has faltered of late). People may be fans of an individual actor, and will go to see a movie because he or she is in it, but actors do not like to be restricted in their choice of scripts, otherwise they will quickly become typecast. Just consider the variety of movies that Tom Cruise or Ryan Phillipe has done in the past couple of years. Therefore the marketing of a movie is all about creating instant brand identity. A movies brand is established by signalling to consumers what it is like (another movie maybe) and where it has come from. IV. Shelf Life Films can only be marketed effectively prior to their release. Once they have been shown in cinemas, the cat is out of the bag, and word-of-mouth takes over from the marketing department in persuading audiences to go and see a particular movie. Would you go and see Scooby Doo The Movie having read the reviews? Films have a limited distribution window, and therefore a limited shelf-life. They may play in cinemas for as long as six months, sometimes only for a week. The marketing has to happen at absolutely the right time to get audiences into cinemas. A marketing campaign may build for as long as it takes to make a film, but it is over once the movie has been released. V.The Marketing Mix and MoviesWe may be familiar already with the 4 Ps of marketing, which are Product Price Placing Promotion Price aside (the price of a cinema ticket varies between movie theatres, not necessarily films), the other three are all vital elements of a film marketing campaign. It is possible to add in publicity to a film marketing campaign - this is promotion which is not the direct result of a financial deal made by the studio, although money may change hands...Product A film needs to be clearly identifiable in its marketing genre, stars, story, special effects, style all need to be presented to the audience so they can select the film on the basis of contentPlacing A film has to have the right release date Christmas for a Christmas movie etc. Its release date will also depend on what else is being released at the same time - films have to fight it out for cinema screens. It would be pointless releasing any big blockbuster movie the same weekend as MIB II simply because cinema goers would choose between it and the competition, thus halving the box office takings Promotion Promotion for films takes many forms ɨ Print advertising (posters + ads in newspapers & magazines) ɨ Trailers (screened at cinemas + on TV/radio) ɨ Internet sites ɨ Merchandising the list is endless books, t-shirts, food, soundtrack CDs, computer games, toys, cars, mobile phones - anything that can be associated with the brand of the movie VI. Marketing on the webIts very rare these days to not have a movie hit the theaters without a web site promoting it. In the last few years, web sites have increasingly become part of the marketing mix for movie companies. Many studios are finding the cost of creating these web sites is minuscule compared to the other elements of the media mix-- $100,000 for a web site vs. tens of millions or more for a real-world media campaign Furthermore, polls by Internet service providers, such as America Online are showing that there is a high correlation between Internet users and moviegoers, making web sites a targeted and cost-effective medium for creating awareness for their film properties.In the area of theatrical releases, movie web sites are not only building awareness for a movie before and during the theatrical release, but they continue to promote once the mass media advertisements have stopped running and the movies have moved on to ancillary markets. . For example, Sonys Men in Black web site (www.meninblack.com) continues to promote the 16 movie.ɨ Creating CommunitiesIn addition to generating hype, the better web sites are also enhancing the experience that visitors have with a companys media by creating on-line communities. These communities are areas where visitors can find more information, take part in interactive activities, subscribe to newsletters, and chat with other like-minded individuals, with the eventual aim of creating greater audience loyalty.ɨ Bonus Buzz and RevenuesSome of the more interesting on-line promotions have also generated additional publicity from the mainstream media. For example, the Starship Troopers web site, which allowed visitors to play multi-player games and build their own web pages. In addition to generating awareness for a companys media properties, some companies are finding that they are able to generate additional revenues from on-line ads and sales of merchandise. For example, Jim Moloshok, the senior vice-president of corporate marketing and advertising at Warner Bros. Online, has pursued a revenue-generating model for his companys web presence, and claims that the additional ad revenues are lucrative and have grown 65% over the previous year. He also adds that the revenues from the Warner Bros. Online Store has also experienced a similar rate of growth. Major core activitiesThe three major core activities that can be carried out at the typical movie web site can be categorized as1. Information provision providing product and service information, the most basic function of any web site . Community creation creating compelling content that enhances the experience of the companys products . Commerce allowing consumers to make purchases on-line


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HOD

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on HOD. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality HOD paper right on time.


Out staff of freelance writers includes over 120 experts proficient in HOD, therefore you can rest assured that your assignment will be handled by only top rated specialists. Order your HOD paper at affordable prices with ! Examine the context surrounding the period of the late 1800s to the first world war consider the social political and economical conditions prevalent to Europe and in particular England and Belgium . What were the values and attitudes exhibited by the Europeans during this period and reflected in the novella Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad



Motifs



Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts or literary devices that can help to develop and inform major themes


What are the major themes of Heart of Darkness and how are they supported by motifs in the story?



Symbols



Symbols are objects characters figures or colours used to represent abstract ideas or concepts


Examine Conrad¡¯s use of symbolism in the novella what do these symbols represent


Due term week 1 Thursday


That¡¯s all exactly what it says on the sheet


English Assignment


Heart of Darkness


Heart of Darkness centers around Marlow and his journey up the Congo River to meet Kurtz, reputed to be an idealistic man of great abilities. Marlow takes a job as a riverboat captain with the Company, a Belgian concern organized to trade in the Congo. As he travels to Africa and then up the Congo, Marlow encounters widespread inefficiency and brutality in the Companys stations. The native inhabitants of the region have been forced into the Companys service, and they suffer terribly from overwork and ill treatment at the hands of the Companys agents. The isolation of the cruelty within the impassive and majestic jungle that surrounds the white mans settlements makes them appear in the heart of darkness.


During when this book is written, Imperialism is an attitude commonly shared and exhibited by the Europeans during this period. Imperialism is the policy or practice of extending national power over other states or areas of the world, often by annexing territory. Term is most commonly identified with 1th century colonialism and the carving of the globe into spheres of influence by the European powers. Colonies in Asia and Africa supplied cheap labor, raw materials, and ready markets for European manufacturing, spurred on by the Industrial Revolution. They also enhanced the image of European powers. Imperialism was also linked to concepts of racial and moral supremacy, rationalized as the White Mans Burden, the so called duty to bring civilization to backward peoples.


Imperialism is at the center of Heart of Darkness. By the 180s, most of the worlds dark places had been placed at least nominally under European control, and the major European powers were stretched thin, trying to administer and protect massive, far-flung empires. Cracks were beginning to appear in the system riots, wars, and the wholesale abandonment of commercial enterprises all threatened the white men living in the distant corners of empires. Things were clearly falling apart.


The major theme of Heart of Darkness is the effect of imperialism and the isolation and obscurity of the corruption. It reveals that corruption is the inevitable result when men have unbalanced control and power, especially power over other men. As Marlow travels from the Outer Station to the Central Station and finally up the river to the Inner Station, he witnesses scenes of torture and cruelty. Yet he longs for evidence that Europeans can


display pure purpose, rational power, and benevolent dominance over Africa and Africans. Marlow can never see the Africans as fully human and he can never bring himself fully to condemn the imperialist project in Africa. By lying to Kurtz¡¯s fianc¨¦ and doing nothing to stop the devastation caused by the imperialism in Africa, he is accepting the inhumanity of mankind to its fellow man and allows it to continue on the Dark Continent. And because of the isolation of the cruelty taken place, Europeans can never see the chaos caused by imperialism.


The story used motifs to develop and inform the major themes. Observation was the most common motif applied. Marlow mainly collects information by observing the world around him and eavesdropping on other conversations. Like when from the deck of the wrecked steamer he overheard the discussion between the manager and his uncle about Kurtz. This presented Marlow with interpretations of events otherwise impossible to find out.


Obscurity is another motif used. The mood of the entire novel is dark and somber. It is night-time on the Nellie when Marlows tale is being told. The darkness suggests the ambiguity of havoc and moral confusion. And in the end, the story ends such that it seems Europeans would never have a clear vision of the Dark Continent.


Symbols are objects characters figures or colours used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. Some symbols used in Heart of Darkness include the fog that surrounded the steamer going up the river. It symbolizes darkness and ambiguity surrounding the whole story. Fog not only obscures but distorts; it gives one just enough information to begin making decisions but no way to judge the accuracy of that information, which often ends up being wrong. Marlows steamer is caught in the fog, meaning that he has no idea where hes going and no idea what lies ahead.


However, when the steamer returned from the river, the fog was cleared and the river was running down stream towards ¡®civilization¡¯. This represents the escape from terror, as if the river is there to expel Europeans from Africa altogether.


And the ivory that was hunted by so many men for, it symbolizes the pagan God that is so worshipped by Kurtz and other whites.


Heart of Darkness offers a powerful condemnation of the hypocritical operations of imperialism, it also presents a set of issues surrounding race that is ultimately more troubling.


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